<p>This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advances in conductive polymer-based nanohybrids for environmental pollutant detection and removal, with an emphasis on adsorption and photocatalytic mechanisms. It systematically covers material design principles; synthesis strategies including chemical, electrochemical, interfacial, and hybrid approaches; and the resulting effects on physicochemical properties, sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Particular attention is given to mechanistic insights into pollutant material interactions, including charge transfer, surface adsorption phenomena, and reactive species generation. Case studies on the removal of heavy metals, dyes, and persistent organic contaminants are discussed to illustrate structure performance relationships. The synergistic integration of inorganic nanomaterials within conductive polymer matrices is highlighted for enhancing reactivity and detection limits. Finally, the review outlines existing challenges and provides a forward-looking perspective on integrating these nanohybrids into scalable, multifunctional environmental technologies. By combining fundamental understanding with practical design guidelines, this work offers a focused roadmap for advancing pollutant sensing and remediation using conductive polymer nanohybrids.</p>