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<p>In recent years, the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N) in soils under temperate climates during winter has received growing attention due to rising N emissions and the accumulation of N on the soil surface and in nearby water bodies. While the N cycle has traditionally been considered to slow during cold periods, recent studies show that freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) can significantly reshape N dynamics by altering soil structure and stimulating microbial activity. This review synthesizes key abiotic drivers, such as soil moisture, temperature, and snow cover, along with anthropogenic influences that affect N transformations and transport in winter. We identified the key research gaps in the existing approaches and emphasized the need to incorporate winter N fluxes into annual N budgets to improve our understanding of terrestrial N cycling under climate change.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Review of nitrogen cycling in temperate winter soil under climate change

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Madhumita Sahoo,
  • Domenico Baù,
  • Steven F. Thornton

摘要

In recent years, the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N) in soils under temperate climates during winter has received growing attention due to rising N emissions and the accumulation of N on the soil surface and in nearby water bodies. While the N cycle has traditionally been considered to slow during cold periods, recent studies show that freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) can significantly reshape N dynamics by altering soil structure and stimulating microbial activity. This review synthesizes key abiotic drivers, such as soil moisture, temperature, and snow cover, along with anthropogenic influences that affect N transformations and transport in winter. We identified the key research gaps in the existing approaches and emphasized the need to incorporate winter N fluxes into annual N budgets to improve our understanding of terrestrial N cycling under climate change.

Graphical abstract