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<p>This study investigates the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye onto laser-induced graphene derived from potato skins (LIGPS), a graphene-like material produced via rapid and cost-effective CO<sub>2</sub> direct laser writing. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the graphitic nature of LIGPS. Activation with ZnCl₂ (LIGPS50) altered the morphology of the material, as observed in SEM images. Additionally, ZnCl₂ activation significantly increased the surface area from 11.256 to 126.696 m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>, total pore volume from 0.016 to 0.253 cm<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup>, and average pore diameter from 4.82 to 7.99&#xa0;nm. The adsorption of CR was optimized at pH 9, where electrostatic and π-π interactions between CR and LIGPS were confirmed by FTIR spectra. Kinetic studies revealed first-order adsorption behavior, with equilibrium reached after 15 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of 278.65&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> was determined from equilibrium studies, following the Freundlich model, indicating heterogeneous interactions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption was spontaneous, exothermic, and predominantly physical, as indicated by the values of ∆G (− 4.185 to − 4.952&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol⁻<sup>1</sup>), ∆H (− 13.285&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol⁻<sup>1</sup>), and ∆S (− 27.927&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol⁻<sup>1</sup>). Also, the SEM-FEG images showed the CR particles attached to the LIGPS50 surface affirming the successful adsorption of the dye onto the material. These results demonstrate that LIGPS50 is a highly effective, low-cost, and sustainable alternative for CR dye removal, providing an eco-friendly alternative for both wastewater treatment and waste management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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ZnCl2-activated laser-induced graphene from potato skins for Congo red dye adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Alaor Valério Filho,
  • Guilherme Kurz Maron,
  • Luana Vaz Tholozan,
  • Eduarda Vitoria Morais,
  • Vitória Mesquita Rodrigues,
  • Márcia Tsuyama Escote,
  • André Ricardo Felkl de Almeida,
  • Gabriela Silveira da Rosa,
  • Neftali Lenin Villarreal Carreno

摘要

This study investigates the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye onto laser-induced graphene derived from potato skins (LIGPS), a graphene-like material produced via rapid and cost-effective CO2 direct laser writing. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the graphitic nature of LIGPS. Activation with ZnCl₂ (LIGPS50) altered the morphology of the material, as observed in SEM images. Additionally, ZnCl₂ activation significantly increased the surface area from 11.256 to 126.696 m2 g⁻1, total pore volume from 0.016 to 0.253 cm3 g⁻1, and average pore diameter from 4.82 to 7.99 nm. The adsorption of CR was optimized at pH 9, where electrostatic and π-π interactions between CR and LIGPS were confirmed by FTIR spectra. Kinetic studies revealed first-order adsorption behavior, with equilibrium reached after 15 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of 278.65 mg g−1 was determined from equilibrium studies, following the Freundlich model, indicating heterogeneous interactions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption was spontaneous, exothermic, and predominantly physical, as indicated by the values of ∆G (− 4.185 to − 4.952 kJ mol⁻1), ∆H (− 13.285 kJ mol⁻1), and ∆S (− 27.927 kJ mol⁻1). Also, the SEM-FEG images showed the CR particles attached to the LIGPS50 surface affirming the successful adsorption of the dye onto the material. These results demonstrate that LIGPS50 is a highly effective, low-cost, and sustainable alternative for CR dye removal, providing an eco-friendly alternative for both wastewater treatment and waste management.

Graphical Abstract