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<p>This study aims to integrate a biological treatment with a photocatalytic treatment for the decontamination of water polluted by a pharmaceutical product called Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate using a bio-nanocomposite synthesized from biomass that is an agricultural waste called corn cobs. The biomass-TiO<sub>2</sub> bio-nanocomposite (Bio-TiO<sub>2</sub>) was synthesized using a facile method by mixing TiO<sub>2</sub> with corncobs, then characterized by several techniques including UV–Vis-RDS, SEM–EDS, FT-IR, and XRD for the understanding of its properties. The efficiency of TDF mineralization by the 6-Bio-TiO<sub>2</sub> bio-nanocomposite was evaluated using the BBD (Box-Behnken design); optimum values for TDF degradation and mineralization were found at pH = 4, m<sub>(6-Bio-TiO2)</sub> = 3&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> and C<sub>i (TDF)</sub> = 0.1&#xa0;mM. A degradation rate of over 97% was achieved in 90&#xa0;min and almost complete degradation after 270&#xa0;min, as well as a mineralization rate of 99.15% in 360&#xa0;min. The degradation mechanism was also proposed. The evaluation of biodegradability was verified by the BOD<sub>5</sub>/COD ratio whose value after 2&#xa0;h of photocatalytic pre-treatment became 0.44, proving that the solution was considered biodegradable. Next, an independent 21-day biological treatment at 25&#xa0;°C was implemented with a sludge quantity of 1&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup>. This process achieved a remarkable mineralization yield of 99.15% on day 17. Three-cycle reuse of 6-Bio-TiO<sub>2</sub> was carried out to confirm its high efficiency and stability after different uses, maintaining a degradation percentage of over 90%. DFT calculations proved effective in accurately predicting the degradation mechanism of the TDF molecule, using Fukui indices as a valuable tool in this process. This study highlights the promising potential of integrating these two processes as an advanced technology.</p>

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Degradation of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate by a photocatalytic process in combination with aerobic biological treatment using a synthesized bio-nanocomposite (Biomass-TiO2): characterization, optimization, mechanism, and DFT calculations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月1日

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  • Safae Ajebli,
  • Ghizlan Kaichouh,
  • Fouad Echerfaoui,
  • Zaki Safi,
  • Nuha Wazzan,
  • Ismail Warad,
  • Abdelkbir Bellaouchou,
  • Abdelkader Zarrouk

摘要

This study aims to integrate a biological treatment with a photocatalytic treatment for the decontamination of water polluted by a pharmaceutical product called Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate using a bio-nanocomposite synthesized from biomass that is an agricultural waste called corn cobs. The biomass-TiO2 bio-nanocomposite (Bio-TiO2) was synthesized using a facile method by mixing TiO2 with corncobs, then characterized by several techniques including UV–Vis-RDS, SEM–EDS, FT-IR, and XRD for the understanding of its properties. The efficiency of TDF mineralization by the 6-Bio-TiO2 bio-nanocomposite was evaluated using the BBD (Box-Behnken design); optimum values for TDF degradation and mineralization were found at pH = 4, m(6-Bio-TiO2) = 3 g L−1 and Ci (TDF) = 0.1 mM. A degradation rate of over 97% was achieved in 90 min and almost complete degradation after 270 min, as well as a mineralization rate of 99.15% in 360 min. The degradation mechanism was also proposed. The evaluation of biodegradability was verified by the BOD5/COD ratio whose value after 2 h of photocatalytic pre-treatment became 0.44, proving that the solution was considered biodegradable. Next, an independent 21-day biological treatment at 25 °C was implemented with a sludge quantity of 1 g L−1. This process achieved a remarkable mineralization yield of 99.15% on day 17. Three-cycle reuse of 6-Bio-TiO2 was carried out to confirm its high efficiency and stability after different uses, maintaining a degradation percentage of over 90%. DFT calculations proved effective in accurately predicting the degradation mechanism of the TDF molecule, using Fukui indices as a valuable tool in this process. This study highlights the promising potential of integrating these two processes as an advanced technology.