A systematic review of urban noise and its management in Southeast Asia contrasted to that of management in developed countries
摘要
Cities that are in countries grouped into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) uniformly face noise problems. The paper summarizes a systematic review conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to examine noise profiles and legislation in ASEAN countries, aiming to identify gaps in legislative enforcement. The study reviews 54 noise records and contrasts 34 noise legislation records in ASEAN countries with noise legislation and management practices in Australia, Canada, the European Union (EU), Japan, New Zealand, the United States of America (USA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Our review finds that most ASEAN countries have noise regulations but still, noise levels are high, often greatly exceeding stipulated levels. Private motor vehicles are the primary noise sources and significantly contribute to heavy traffic throughout the city. As a result, roadsides and housing areas are the most common locations for measurements, with noise levels nearly all exceeding the standards. In ASEAN, noise regulations are less detailed than those enacted in developed countries, which often mention measurement procedures, sanctions, and/or punishments for any violation. Consequently, the review found that most noise measurements in ASEAN countries lacked proper procedures. Compared to developed countries, ASEAN countries do not provide direct public or “self-reporting” channels for their communities, making noise bylaws only documents rather than enforcement tools. We argue that the availability of public reporting channels is a crucial aspect that should be adopted by ASEAN countries, although, as we point out, challenges exist.