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<p>The transmission of antibiotic resistance (AR) from farm animals to healthy human communities, beyond the food chain, is often facilitated by biological vectors, notably houseflies (<i>Musca domestica</i>). This study aimed to evaluate the role of <i>M. domestica</i> collected from commercial broiler chicken farms as a carrier of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>. <i>E. coli</i> were isolated separately from the housefly’s external surface (ES) and internal homogenate (IH) to determine the primary AR transmission route within houseflies. Remarkably, 68.6% houseflies harboured <i>E. coli.</i> Isolated <i>E. coli</i> were evaluated for susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics and screened for the presence of 22 plasmid-borne AR genes (ARGs) using PCR. Results revealed significant resistance to key antibiotics, with &gt; 70% of isolates resistant to ampicillin and &gt; 50% resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid in both ES- and IH-derived <i>E. coli.</i> Notably, a significant prevalence of resistance was observed to third-generation cephalosporins. Additionally, &gt; 80% of <i>E. coli</i> isolates were MDR. A statistically significant difference (unpaired <i>t</i>-test,<i> p</i> &lt; 0.05) was observed in the presence of ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> between the houseflies’ ES (28.14%) and IH (38.14%). ARGs such as, <i>ampC</i>, <i>tetA, qnrS</i>, <i>strA, strB</i>, and <i>sul3</i> were frequently detected in both ES- and IH-derived <i>E. coli</i> isolates. Among the ESBL-producing genes, <i>bla</i><sub><i>CTX-M</i></sub> was the most abundant. Pearson’s correlation analysis predicted the ARGs responsible for phenotypic resistance to specific antibiotics. Farm-derived flies harboured a significantly higher number of MDR <i>E. coli</i> (unpaired <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) than the ones isolated from flies housing a distant non-farm environment. Conclusively, this study illustrates the role of houseflies as vectors for AR transmission from AR hotspots to human communities.</p>

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Houseflies (Musca domestica) as vectors of multidrug-resistant, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in broiler poultry farms of North India: implications for antibiotic resistance transmission

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月17日

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  • Shreyata Singh,
  • Nitish Rawat,
  • Anjali Kaushik,
  • Mehul Chauhan,
  • Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi,
  • Benoy Sabu,
  • Narendra Kumar,
  • Raman Rajagopal

摘要

The transmission of antibiotic resistance (AR) from farm animals to healthy human communities, beyond the food chain, is often facilitated by biological vectors, notably houseflies (Musca domestica). This study aimed to evaluate the role of M. domestica collected from commercial broiler chicken farms as a carrier of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. E. coli were isolated separately from the housefly’s external surface (ES) and internal homogenate (IH) to determine the primary AR transmission route within houseflies. Remarkably, 68.6% houseflies harboured E. coli. Isolated E. coli were evaluated for susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics and screened for the presence of 22 plasmid-borne AR genes (ARGs) using PCR. Results revealed significant resistance to key antibiotics, with > 70% of isolates resistant to ampicillin and > 50% resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid in both ES- and IH-derived E. coli. Notably, a significant prevalence of resistance was observed to third-generation cephalosporins. Additionally, > 80% of E. coli isolates were MDR. A statistically significant difference (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05) was observed in the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli between the houseflies’ ES (28.14%) and IH (38.14%). ARGs such as, ampC, tetA, qnrS, strA, strB, and sul3 were frequently detected in both ES- and IH-derived E. coli isolates. Among the ESBL-producing genes, blaCTX-M was the most abundant. Pearson’s correlation analysis predicted the ARGs responsible for phenotypic resistance to specific antibiotics. Farm-derived flies harboured a significantly higher number of MDR E. coli (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05) than the ones isolated from flies housing a distant non-farm environment. Conclusively, this study illustrates the role of houseflies as vectors for AR transmission from AR hotspots to human communities.