Geogenic and anthropogenic factors influencing groundwater quality for irrigation purposes from a volcano-sedimentary aquifer in the Puebla State, Mexico

This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water quality of the Puebla Valley aquifer, a volcano-sedimentary system predominantly influenced by water-rock interactions and ion exchange processes. The research assesses the suitability of groundwater for agricultural irrigation by applying various water quality indices, including salinity and sodicity indices and Wilcox diagrams and USSL. Seventy-one water samples were analyzed to determine key physicochemical parameters and dominant ion concentrations, revealing that the primary hydrogeochemical facies are HCO \(_3\) $_3^{}$ -Mg and HCO \(_3\) $_3^{}$ -Ca. The results indicate a heightened risk of salinization, particularly in agricultural and urban areas, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring. Natural processes such as water-rock interaction and ion exchange are the main factors influencing groundwater quality. However, anthropogenic activities, particularly the use of fertilizers and irrigation return flows from the Atoyac River, exacerbate groundwater quality degradation. This study emphasizes the necessity of sustainable water resource management to ensure the long-term viability of the aquifer.