Copper-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles decorated on 2D-hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets for susceptible electrochemical detection of an anti-cancer drug in environmental and biological samples

Chlorambucil (CML) cures chronic lymphatic leukemia (white blood cell cancer). A high dose of CML can cause several side effects like bone marrow suppression, anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and infertility in the human body. In this research, we have synthesized a nanocomposite based on copper-doped titanium dioxide (CuTiO₂) adorned with 2D hexagonal boron nitride (CuTiO₂@BN) for the efficient electrochemical detection of CML. A series of characterization techniques FT-IR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDAX XPS, and electrochemical characterization were used to analyze the CuTiO₂@BN nanocomposite structural and morphological compositions. The sensing performance of the CuTiO₂@BN modified GCE for CML detection has been assessed using voltammetry methods. The chronoamperometry technique analyzed the kinetics of the electrochemical oxidation of CML at CuTiO₂@BN/GCE. The CuTiO₂@BN-based glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has a synergetic electro-catalytic effect on CML oxidation due to its many active sites, enhanced surface area, fast charge transfer, and numerous defects. For the detection of CML, the suggested electrochemical sensor exhibits excellent selectivity, low limit of detection (LOD) as found 5.0 nM, wide linear ranges (0.02–8000 µM), and quick reaction times.