Investigating Indian oil sardine aggregation events in coastal waters of the southeastern Arabian sea

The southwest coast of India experiences frequent Indian oil sardine (IOS) nearshore aggregation events, especially in the coastal waters off Kerala. These ephemeral dense IOS aggregation events are known as “Sardine Run”. To investigate the reason and provide a scientific basis for these sporadic events, satellite/model-derived physical, meteorological, and biological parameters were analysed. Sea Surface Temperature during a majority of events was in the range of 26–29 °C, agreeing with the reported temperature conditions for IOS in the Arabian Sea. Additionally, a marginal lowering of SST as an effect of precipitation before most of the events might have attracted IOS towards the near-coastal waters in addition to the phytoplankton diet availability, resulting in the aggregation event. However, different scenarios also depicted coastal warming and probable hypoxic conditions in degrading IOS habitat and resulting in beach aggregation events. During most of the IOS aggregation events, the wind and surface current direction was alongshore/coastward, which complemented the propagation of live IOS shoals towards the beach.