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<p>Rapid urbanization in arid regions increasingly produces compact towns embedded within irrigation-dependent agricultural landscapes, yet it remains unclear whether bird abundance in such systems is governed primarily by internal urban morphology or by the spatial configuration of surrounding cropland. This study quantified scale-dependent drivers of bird abundance and occupancy in the center of 68 small settlements of an arid basin using functional-group–specific zero-inflated models. Bird surveys in mid-spring 2022 (7:00–9:00 local time) recorded 2,772 individuals belonging to 42 species into three macro-ecological (Agricultural, Tree-dependent, and Urban) bird groups. Urban bird abundance increased with urban area (β = 0.176, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and building coverage (β = 0.360, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and declined with building isolation (β =  − 0.071, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Agricultural bird abundance increased with the PCA-derived cropland continuity index (PC1; β = 2.175, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), which simultaneously reduced zero-inflation probability by 38%. Tree-dependent bird abundance increased as orchard distance to urban edges decreased (PC2; β = 0.394, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and was further enhanced by crop-type differentiation (PC3; β = 0.079, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Agricultural principal components reduced the probability of absence for non-urban groups by 29–42%, indicating strong responses to landscape structure. These results demonstrate a dual filtering system in which urban birds are structured by fine-scale built morphology, whereas agricultural and tree-dependent birds are constrained at broader landscape scales by the configuration and heterogeneity of the agricultural matrix, with direct implications for mitigating biotic homogenization in arid agro-urban mosaics.</p>

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Abundance and occurrence responses of bird communities to arid mixed urban-agricultural systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Sarmad Mahdi Kadhum Alghanimi,
  • Ali Asgarian

摘要

Rapid urbanization in arid regions increasingly produces compact towns embedded within irrigation-dependent agricultural landscapes, yet it remains unclear whether bird abundance in such systems is governed primarily by internal urban morphology or by the spatial configuration of surrounding cropland. This study quantified scale-dependent drivers of bird abundance and occupancy in the center of 68 small settlements of an arid basin using functional-group–specific zero-inflated models. Bird surveys in mid-spring 2022 (7:00–9:00 local time) recorded 2,772 individuals belonging to 42 species into three macro-ecological (Agricultural, Tree-dependent, and Urban) bird groups. Urban bird abundance increased with urban area (β = 0.176, p < 0.01) and building coverage (β = 0.360, p < 0.01) and declined with building isolation (β =  − 0.071, p < 0.01). Agricultural bird abundance increased with the PCA-derived cropland continuity index (PC1; β = 2.175, p < 0.05), which simultaneously reduced zero-inflation probability by 38%. Tree-dependent bird abundance increased as orchard distance to urban edges decreased (PC2; β = 0.394, p < 0.05) and was further enhanced by crop-type differentiation (PC3; β = 0.079, p < 0.05). Agricultural principal components reduced the probability of absence for non-urban groups by 29–42%, indicating strong responses to landscape structure. These results demonstrate a dual filtering system in which urban birds are structured by fine-scale built morphology, whereas agricultural and tree-dependent birds are constrained at broader landscape scales by the configuration and heterogeneity of the agricultural matrix, with direct implications for mitigating biotic homogenization in arid agro-urban mosaics.