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Background <p>The interlayer temperature (ITe) applied during Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has an impact on the productivity of the process and the mechanical properties of the metal obtained. Self-heating measurement techniques have proven to be an effective means of rapidly assessing the fatigue response of materials.</p> Objective <p>The paper investigates self-heating during fatigue of WAAM-fabricated 2209 duplex stainless steel as a function of the ITe considered during the fabrication.</p> Methods <p>Temperature measurements were performed by infrared thermography and thermocouples during accelerated fatigue tests. The latter consisted of cyclic loading with a <i>continuously increasing</i> stress amplitude. The thermal data were post-processed by Heat Source Reconstruction (HSR), relying on the heat diffusion equation, to quantify the mechanical dissipation per cycle (in kJ.m<sup>–3</sup>/cycle) as a function of the stress amplitude.</p> Results <p>Continuous mechanical dissipation vs. stress amplitude relationships were obtained for three ITe values: 150&#xa0;°C (maximum temperature recommended by the wire supplier) as well as 350&#xa0;°C and 550&#xa0;°C, leading to productivity gains during printing of approximately 3 times and 7 times respectively.</p> Conclusions <p>1)&#xa0;For a given ITe, the horizontal specimens exhibit better expected fatigue performance compared to the vertical specimens; 2)&#xa0;As the ITe increases, expected fatigue performance deteriorates; 3)&#xa0;However, the stress amplitude corresponding to the onset of mechanical dissipation is nearly the same regardless of the ITe, suggesting that the fatigue benefit of a low ITe for low stress amplitudes is minor compared to the loss of productivity during material printing.</p>

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Fatigue Properties of WAAM-Fabricated 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel Evaluated by Temperature Measurement and Heat Source Reconstruction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • R. Da Silva Viola,
  • A. Jury,
  • X. Balandraud,
  • F. Poulhaon,
  • P. Michaud,
  • E. Duc

摘要

Background

The interlayer temperature (ITe) applied during Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has an impact on the productivity of the process and the mechanical properties of the metal obtained. Self-heating measurement techniques have proven to be an effective means of rapidly assessing the fatigue response of materials.

Objective

The paper investigates self-heating during fatigue of WAAM-fabricated 2209 duplex stainless steel as a function of the ITe considered during the fabrication.

Methods

Temperature measurements were performed by infrared thermography and thermocouples during accelerated fatigue tests. The latter consisted of cyclic loading with a continuously increasing stress amplitude. The thermal data were post-processed by Heat Source Reconstruction (HSR), relying on the heat diffusion equation, to quantify the mechanical dissipation per cycle (in kJ.m–3/cycle) as a function of the stress amplitude.

Results

Continuous mechanical dissipation vs. stress amplitude relationships were obtained for three ITe values: 150 °C (maximum temperature recommended by the wire supplier) as well as 350 °C and 550 °C, leading to productivity gains during printing of approximately 3 times and 7 times respectively.

Conclusions

1) For a given ITe, the horizontal specimens exhibit better expected fatigue performance compared to the vertical specimens; 2) As the ITe increases, expected fatigue performance deteriorates; 3) However, the stress amplitude corresponding to the onset of mechanical dissipation is nearly the same regardless of the ITe, suggesting that the fatigue benefit of a low ITe for low stress amplitudes is minor compared to the loss of productivity during material printing.