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Purpose <p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine (CAF) and carbohydrate (CHO) mouth-rinsing on soccer passing performance and psychophysiological responses using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT).</p> Design/methodology/approach <p>Twenty-five well-trained male youth soccer players (age: 16.6 ± 0.5&#xa0;years) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial involving three experimental conditions: CAFF-MR (1.2% caffeine solution; 25&#xa0;mL, equivalent to 300&#xa0;mg caffeine), CHO-MR (6% glucose solution), and a control condition (water rinse). Execution time, penalty time, total time, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment, mental fatigue, and heart rate-derived variables were assessed.</p> Findings <p>Execution time differed significantly across conditions (F = 7.52, p &lt; 0.001, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.239), with both CAFF-MR and CHO-MR showing lower execution times than the control condition. Penalty time was also significantly different between conditions (F = 7.22, p = 0.002, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.231), with lower values in CAFF-MR than in the control condition. Total LSPT performance time, the primary outcome, also differed significantly between conditions overall (F = 9.89, p = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.289). RPE differed significantly between conditions (F = 6.27, p = 0.004, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.207), with lower values in CAFF-MR than in the control condition. Enjoyment also differed significantly between conditions (F = 3.59, p = 0.035, η<sup>2</sup> = 0.130), with higher values in the control condition than in CHO-MR. No significant differences were observed for mental fatigue, %HR, or mood state profiles.</p> Originality/value <p>These findings suggest that caffeine mouth-rinsing may improve selected aspects of soccer-specific passing performance under controlled conditions in youth soccer players, particularly execution time, penalty time, and perceived exertion. Carbohydrate mouth-rinsing may also influence execution time, although its effects appear less consistent across the remaining outcomes. This study adds to the limited evidence on mouth-rinsing strategies in youth soccer and provides a direct comparison between CAFF-MR and CHO-MR using a standardized soccer-specific passing test.</p> Trial registration <p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06881316. Registered on [February, 25th of 2025]. Retrospectively registered.</p>

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Caffeine vs. carbohydrate mouth-rinsing in soccer: effects on passing performance and psychophysiological responses in youth players

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • João P. Oliveira,
  • Daniel A. Marinho,
  • Yusuf Soylu,
  • Umut Gök,
  • Yağmur Gök,
  • Bülent Kilit,
  • Ersan Arslan,
  • Jorge E. Morais

摘要

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine (CAF) and carbohydrate (CHO) mouth-rinsing on soccer passing performance and psychophysiological responses using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT).

Design/methodology/approach

Twenty-five well-trained male youth soccer players (age: 16.6 ± 0.5 years) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial involving three experimental conditions: CAFF-MR (1.2% caffeine solution; 25 mL, equivalent to 300 mg caffeine), CHO-MR (6% glucose solution), and a control condition (water rinse). Execution time, penalty time, total time, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment, mental fatigue, and heart rate-derived variables were assessed.

Findings

Execution time differed significantly across conditions (F = 7.52, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.239), with both CAFF-MR and CHO-MR showing lower execution times than the control condition. Penalty time was also significantly different between conditions (F = 7.22, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.231), with lower values in CAFF-MR than in the control condition. Total LSPT performance time, the primary outcome, also differed significantly between conditions overall (F = 9.89, p = 0.003, η2 = 0.289). RPE differed significantly between conditions (F = 6.27, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.207), with lower values in CAFF-MR than in the control condition. Enjoyment also differed significantly between conditions (F = 3.59, p = 0.035, η2 = 0.130), with higher values in the control condition than in CHO-MR. No significant differences were observed for mental fatigue, %HR, or mood state profiles.

Originality/value

These findings suggest that caffeine mouth-rinsing may improve selected aspects of soccer-specific passing performance under controlled conditions in youth soccer players, particularly execution time, penalty time, and perceived exertion. Carbohydrate mouth-rinsing may also influence execution time, although its effects appear less consistent across the remaining outcomes. This study adds to the limited evidence on mouth-rinsing strategies in youth soccer and provides a direct comparison between CAFF-MR and CHO-MR using a standardized soccer-specific passing test.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06881316. Registered on [February, 25th of 2025]. Retrospectively registered.