Scholarlink

Background <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and impaired glucose regulation, requiring integrated pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to optimize metabolic control. This study investigated the effect of metformin administered in combination with exercise on, body mass index (BMI) osteocalcin (OCN), insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients with T2DM.</p> Methods <p>A randomized, parallel group, active controlled trial was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025 in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 377 pre-diagnosed patients of T2DM were enrolled. These patients were randomly allocated into three groups. Group A patients received 1000&#xa0;mg of metformin orally daily. Group B patients received aerobic exercises five days a week for average 30 minutes/session. These included elliptical training (5&#xa0;min of warm-up, 5&#xa0;min of low-intensity exercise, 20&#xa0;min of moderate-intensity exercise, cool-down), walking (5&#xa0;min of slow walking, 20&#xa0;min of brisk walking, and 5&#xa0;min of cool-down), and cycling (5&#xa0;min of slow, 20–30&#xa0;min of moderate, and 5&#xa0;min of easy). One type of aerobic exercise was performed per session to avoid fatigue and ensure adherence, with days rotated among elliptical training, brisk walking, and stationary cycling. Group C patients received both aerobic exercise and metformin. The treatment duration for all groups was 12&#xa0;weeks. Serum samples were obtained at baseline and the 30th session to use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques (ELISA) to measure the levels of OCN and IL-6. Blood glucose levels (fasting blood glucose tests were used to measure both random and fasting glucose levels). Additionally, blood samples were used to assess ketone bodies and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Using the South Asian BMI scale, BMI was determined. The ADA diabetes risk score, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), and the Diabetes distress scale (DDS) were used to evaluate diabetes self-management. Blood pressure, VO<sub>2</sub> max, physical fitness, lipid profile, and quality of life were all assessed.</p> Results <p>There were 348 participants in all, the majority of them were female (64.4%) and between the ages of 31 and 60 (50.4%). At baseline, 68.3% of people were using oral hypoglycemic medicine, and overweight/obesity was prevalent (BMI ≥ 23 in 82.5%). Over a 12-week period, metformin, aerobic exercise, and their combination markedly enhanced fitness, cardiovascular, and metabolic markers. Along with notable improvements in lipid profiles, body composition, and physical fitness, Group C (Metformin + Aerobic Exercise) demonstrated the most notable drops in blood pressure (<i>p </i>&lt; 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and glycated hemoglobin (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). All groups experienced improvements in quality of life and a drop in diabetes distress levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with Group C showing the biggest gains. In conclusion, this study shows that aerobic exercise and metformin both independently enhance cardiovascular, metabolic, and fitness metrics in diabetics. But when they work together, the biggest gains are made, indicating a synergistic effect.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Evaluating the combined influence of metformin therapy and aerobic exercise on metabolic and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

查看全文
  • Adeela Ismail,
  • Imran Ahmad Khan,
  • Maliha Khalid Khan,
  • Muhammad Usman,
  • Muzammal Sattar,
  • Komal Ammar Bukhari,
  • Qurat-Ul-Ain

摘要

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and impaired glucose regulation, requiring integrated pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to optimize metabolic control. This study investigated the effect of metformin administered in combination with exercise on, body mass index (BMI) osteocalcin (OCN), insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients with T2DM.

Methods

A randomized, parallel group, active controlled trial was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025 in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 377 pre-diagnosed patients of T2DM were enrolled. These patients were randomly allocated into three groups. Group A patients received 1000 mg of metformin orally daily. Group B patients received aerobic exercises five days a week for average 30 minutes/session. These included elliptical training (5 min of warm-up, 5 min of low-intensity exercise, 20 min of moderate-intensity exercise, cool-down), walking (5 min of slow walking, 20 min of brisk walking, and 5 min of cool-down), and cycling (5 min of slow, 20–30 min of moderate, and 5 min of easy). One type of aerobic exercise was performed per session to avoid fatigue and ensure adherence, with days rotated among elliptical training, brisk walking, and stationary cycling. Group C patients received both aerobic exercise and metformin. The treatment duration for all groups was 12 weeks. Serum samples were obtained at baseline and the 30th session to use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques (ELISA) to measure the levels of OCN and IL-6. Blood glucose levels (fasting blood glucose tests were used to measure both random and fasting glucose levels). Additionally, blood samples were used to assess ketone bodies and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Using the South Asian BMI scale, BMI was determined. The ADA diabetes risk score, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), and the Diabetes distress scale (DDS) were used to evaluate diabetes self-management. Blood pressure, VO2 max, physical fitness, lipid profile, and quality of life were all assessed.

Results

There were 348 participants in all, the majority of them were female (64.4%) and between the ages of 31 and 60 (50.4%). At baseline, 68.3% of people were using oral hypoglycemic medicine, and overweight/obesity was prevalent (BMI ≥ 23 in 82.5%). Over a 12-week period, metformin, aerobic exercise, and their combination markedly enhanced fitness, cardiovascular, and metabolic markers. Along with notable improvements in lipid profiles, body composition, and physical fitness, Group C (Metformin + Aerobic Exercise) demonstrated the most notable drops in blood pressure (p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.001), and glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.001). All groups experienced improvements in quality of life and a drop in diabetes distress levels (p < 0.001), with Group C showing the biggest gains. In conclusion, this study shows that aerobic exercise and metformin both independently enhance cardiovascular, metabolic, and fitness metrics in diabetics. But when they work together, the biggest gains are made, indicating a synergistic effect.