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Background <p>Working memory (WM) and visuospatial memory (VSM) are essential for football players to process information, anticipate movements, and make quick decisions.</p> Aims <p>This study examined the effects of Neurofeedback Training (NFT) and Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) exercises on WM and VSM in football players.</p> Methods <p>Forty-two male football players were assigned to the NFT, MSPE, or control group using simple randomization. NFT targeted Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF) through five 25-min eyes-closed sessions, while MSPE involved five structured 30-min MSPE exercises delivered through prerecorded audio files. WM was measured using N-back task, and VSM with Corsi Block-Tapping Test (CBTT).</p> Results <p>Both interventions significantly improved most WM subscales and the Forward Recall Score (FRS) of VSM (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while changes in the Backward Recall Score (BRS) were minimal (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Importantly, a significant increase in PAF supported its role in cognitive enhancement. Notably, no significant differences were found between NFT and MSPE.</p> Conclusions <p>Both NFT and MSPE improved memory functions, and a brief five-session protocol can be effective when adapted to athletes' cognitive needs, particularly for preparing them mentally before upcoming matches.</p>

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Cognitive benefits of alpha neurofeedback and mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) in football players: a focus on working and visuospatial memory

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Masoud Esmaeilnejad,
  • Hassan Gharayagh Zandi,
  • Daryoush Khajavi,
  • MohammadShafie Parsa,
  • Saman Esmaeilnejad

摘要

Background

Working memory (WM) and visuospatial memory (VSM) are essential for football players to process information, anticipate movements, and make quick decisions.

Aims

This study examined the effects of Neurofeedback Training (NFT) and Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) exercises on WM and VSM in football players.

Methods

Forty-two male football players were assigned to the NFT, MSPE, or control group using simple randomization. NFT targeted Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF) through five 25-min eyes-closed sessions, while MSPE involved five structured 30-min MSPE exercises delivered through prerecorded audio files. WM was measured using N-back task, and VSM with Corsi Block-Tapping Test (CBTT).

Results

Both interventions significantly improved most WM subscales and the Forward Recall Score (FRS) of VSM (p < 0.05), while changes in the Backward Recall Score (BRS) were minimal (p > 0.05). Importantly, a significant increase in PAF supported its role in cognitive enhancement. Notably, no significant differences were found between NFT and MSPE.

Conclusions

Both NFT and MSPE improved memory functions, and a brief five-session protocol can be effective when adapted to athletes' cognitive needs, particularly for preparing them mentally before upcoming matches.