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<p>This cross-sectional study compared theta-band (4–8&#xa0;Hz) functional brain networks between female recreational handball players (n = 10) and sedentary women (n = 10) using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG). Graph-theoretical analysis revealed significant between-group differences in network topology: a) Global Network Organization: Athletes exhibited shorter average path length (d = 9.32, p &lt; 0.001) and greater small-world propensity (d = 6.94, p &lt; 0.001). b) Hemispheric Connectivity: Increased interhemispheric connection density (d = 5.92, p &lt; 0.001) and right-hemisphere dominance in nodal centrality (d = 1.16, p = 0.032) were observed in athletes. Methodological safeguards included phase-locking value–based connectivity matrices, strict artifact rejection through independent component analysis (ICA), Bonferroni–FDR correction (q &lt; 0.01), bootstrap validation (1,000 iterations) and Bayes Factor (BF<sub>10</sub>). These findings should be interpreted considering three methodological constraints: the exclusive focus on resting-state activity precludes direct cognitive inference; the cross-sectional design prevents causal interpretation; and the lack of behavioral measures limits functional extrapolation. Nonetheless, the results contribute to understanding exercise-associated neuroplasticity by suggesting that recreational sports participation is associated with specific theta-band network adaptations. Future research should integrate task-based paradigms, longitudinal approaches, and cognitive assessments to clarify the behavioral significance of these neural patterns.</p>

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Theta band brain network reorganization in recreational female athletes: A graph theory analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • José Meléndez-Gallardo,
  • Ana De Los Santos,
  • Facundo Hernández-García,
  • Dinorah Plada-Delgado

摘要

This cross-sectional study compared theta-band (4–8 Hz) functional brain networks between female recreational handball players (n = 10) and sedentary women (n = 10) using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG). Graph-theoretical analysis revealed significant between-group differences in network topology: a) Global Network Organization: Athletes exhibited shorter average path length (d = 9.32, p < 0.001) and greater small-world propensity (d = 6.94, p < 0.001). b) Hemispheric Connectivity: Increased interhemispheric connection density (d = 5.92, p < 0.001) and right-hemisphere dominance in nodal centrality (d = 1.16, p = 0.032) were observed in athletes. Methodological safeguards included phase-locking value–based connectivity matrices, strict artifact rejection through independent component analysis (ICA), Bonferroni–FDR correction (q < 0.01), bootstrap validation (1,000 iterations) and Bayes Factor (BF10). These findings should be interpreted considering three methodological constraints: the exclusive focus on resting-state activity precludes direct cognitive inference; the cross-sectional design prevents causal interpretation; and the lack of behavioral measures limits functional extrapolation. Nonetheless, the results contribute to understanding exercise-associated neuroplasticity by suggesting that recreational sports participation is associated with specific theta-band network adaptations. Future research should integrate task-based paradigms, longitudinal approaches, and cognitive assessments to clarify the behavioral significance of these neural patterns.