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Introduction <p>This follow-up study examines sustainable long-term effects on body composition and strength of a 12-week intervention combining resistance training (RT) and high-protein diet (HPD) in postmenopausal women after one year.</p> Methods <p>In the original investigation (T0–T1), 55 healthy postmenopausal women (age: 58.5 ± 5.8&#xa0;years) were divided into four groups. Two groups experience a training intervention (T), which one from also implemented a calculated HPD (TP). Further two groups did not follow any training intervention (C), yet one implemented a calculated HPD (CP). Read outs included fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, muscle thickness of various muscles, as well as grip strength and maximum strength in box back squat (BBS) and deadlift (DL). One year later, in the same readouts, we determined again in re-recruited participants (<i>n</i> = 20, T2), with which had no obligation or support to maintain a training routine after T1. A questionnaire evaluated changes in training routine, diet, and well-being between T1 and T2.</p> Results <p>Between T0 and T2, fat-free mass increased significantly in group T (+ 1.5 ± 0.8&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), skeletal muscle mass increased significantly in TP (+ 1.4 ± 0.9&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and T (+ 2.71 ± 0.5&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Fat mass decreased in T (-6.7 ± 2.1&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Regarding muscle thickness, between T0 and T2, only TP maintained significant increase in M. rectus femoris (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while both training groups maintained increases in M. biceps femoris (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Improvements in grip strength were maintained in both training groups, and significant improvements in BBS in TP (44.2 ± 19.9&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and T (27 ± 7.4&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and DL in TP (22.3 ± 20.5&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and T (20.0 ± 3.6&#xa0;kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Questionnaire analysis showed that participants in T and TP mostly continued structured exercise routines and improved dietary behaviors. Participants who did not continue any structured training from these groups benefited by an increase of fat-free mass and skeletal muscle mass to T0.</p> Conclusion <p>The initial 12-week resistance training intervention might lead to some improvements in muscular strength and muscle mass one year later, even in participants who discontinued training after the initial intervention. RT effectively improved body composition and muscular strength in both trained groups with benefits potentially observed in some participants one year post-intervention. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small sample size and high attrition rate.</p>

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A follow-up evaluation of the sustainability of a 12-week resistance training and high-protein diet on body composition, strength, muscle thickness, compliance, and well-being after one year on postmenopausal women

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Paulina Ioannidou,
  • Niklas Waldecker

摘要

Introduction

This follow-up study examines sustainable long-term effects on body composition and strength of a 12-week intervention combining resistance training (RT) and high-protein diet (HPD) in postmenopausal women after one year.

Methods

In the original investigation (T0–T1), 55 healthy postmenopausal women (age: 58.5 ± 5.8 years) were divided into four groups. Two groups experience a training intervention (T), which one from also implemented a calculated HPD (TP). Further two groups did not follow any training intervention (C), yet one implemented a calculated HPD (CP). Read outs included fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, muscle thickness of various muscles, as well as grip strength and maximum strength in box back squat (BBS) and deadlift (DL). One year later, in the same readouts, we determined again in re-recruited participants (n = 20, T2), with which had no obligation or support to maintain a training routine after T1. A questionnaire evaluated changes in training routine, diet, and well-being between T1 and T2.

Results

Between T0 and T2, fat-free mass increased significantly in group T (+ 1.5 ± 0.8 kg, p < 0.01), skeletal muscle mass increased significantly in TP (+ 1.4 ± 0.9 kg, p < 0.05) and T (+ 2.71 ± 0.5 kg, p < 0.01). Fat mass decreased in T (-6.7 ± 2.1 kg, p < 0.001). Regarding muscle thickness, between T0 and T2, only TP maintained significant increase in M. rectus femoris (p < 0.05), while both training groups maintained increases in M. biceps femoris (p < 0.05). Improvements in grip strength were maintained in both training groups, and significant improvements in BBS in TP (44.2 ± 19.9 kg, p < 0.001) and T (27 ± 7.4 kg, p < 0.001) and DL in TP (22.3 ± 20.5 kg, p < 0.001) and T (20.0 ± 3.6 kg, p < 0.001). Questionnaire analysis showed that participants in T and TP mostly continued structured exercise routines and improved dietary behaviors. Participants who did not continue any structured training from these groups benefited by an increase of fat-free mass and skeletal muscle mass to T0.

Conclusion

The initial 12-week resistance training intervention might lead to some improvements in muscular strength and muscle mass one year later, even in participants who discontinued training after the initial intervention. RT effectively improved body composition and muscular strength in both trained groups with benefits potentially observed in some participants one year post-intervention. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small sample size and high attrition rate.