Background <p>Arginine supplementation (ARG) is commonly used in sports as an ergogenic resource, although such effects do not have consistent results to support their effectiveness.</p> Purpose <p>This systematic review aimed to analyze the ergogenic effects of ARG on physical performance for athletes and physically active individuals.</p> Methods <p>This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA) and was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, no. CRD42023459857). The studies were identified through a comprehensive search strategy in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. There was no language or date restriction. Studies that performed isolated ARG for healthy adults or elderly individuals who engaged in physical exercise were included. Outcomes of interest are aerobic capacity, muscular strength, performance time, muscular endurance, and functional capacity. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using Cochrane´s risk of bias (RoB 2).</p> Results <p>A total of 8578 articles were found in the databases, of which 20 studies were selected with a total of 340 participants. Of these, 75% involved males, and 55% involved highly trained individuals or athletes. After ARG, parameters such as performance time, functional capacity, muscular endurance, and muscular strength did not show improvements with the intervention. The effects on aerobic capacity were the most promising, but even so, only 33.3% of studies found positive effects on exhaustion time and maximum oxygen consumption. 35% of the articles had a low risk of bias in all domains, and 15% had at least one domain with a high risk of bias.</p> Conclusion <p>ARG does not show consistent results to support its use for athletes and physically active individuals.</p>