Background <p>Previous studies have shown that the aquatic and land-based exercise programs are effective on thoracic kyphosis angle and scapular position. However, little is known to compare these exercises on middle-aged women with kyphosis.</p> Purpose <p>This study aimed to compare the impact of aquatic versus land-based core strengthening exercise programs on the thoracic kyphosis angle and scapular position in young and middle-aged women with hyperkyphosis.</p> Methods <p>Thirty women aged 25 to 45 years, with thoracic kyphosis angles ranging between 42 and 50 degrees, participated in an 8-week exercise program comprising either aquatic or land-based core strengthening (15 participants per group). Each group attended three supervised sessions per week, lasting 60 min per session. Thoracic kyphosis angle and scapular position was measured using an inclinometer, and a tape measure respectively. Data were analyzed utilizing repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significance level at <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05.</p> Results <p>No significant differences were observed between aquatic and land-based core strengthening exercises regarding the thoracic kyphosis angle and scapular position (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). However, both exercise groups exhibited significant within-group improvements in these measurements.</p> Conclusions <p>The findings indicate that aquatic and land-based core strengthening exercise programs contributed to decreased thoracic kyphosis angle and improved scapular position in young and middle-aged women with hyperkyphosis. These findings highlight the efficacy of tailored both aquatic and land-based core strengthening exercise interventions in managing hyperkyphosis, emphasizing the importance of considering these exercise modalities when designing therapeutic strategies for this specific population.</p>