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Purpose <p>To compare differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematics between male and female cross-country skiers during 10-km time-trial competitions. </p> Methods <p>Elite- to world-class skiers performed FIS-regulated 3 × 3.3-km classical (12 women, 22 men) and skating (15 women, 32 men) competitions. A combined GNSS and IMU unit were used to determine speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematics.</p> Results <p>Average speeds for men were 12% higher than for women in both styles (both <i>P </i>&lt; .001), with no differences between laps, indicating similar lap-to-lap pacing. Men demonstrated 18, 10, and 5% higher speeds in uphill, flat, and downhill terrains, respectively, for classical and 17, 6, and 5% for skating (all <i>P</i> &lt; .05). Further, men spent 3%-point less of their relative time in uphill and correspondingly more time in flat and downhill terrain (all <i>P</i> &lt; .001). In classical, men spent ⁓10%-point more of their total time in double poling and corresponding ⁓9%-point less time in diagonal than women (both <i>P</i> &lt; .001). In skating, men spent ⁓9%-point more of their total time in the Gear-3 and ⁓12%-point less time in the Gear-2 sub-technique (all <i>P</i> &lt; .001). This was accompanied by ⁓7–19% longer cycle lengths in both styles for men compared to women (all <i>P</i> &lt; .05).</p> Conclusion <p>Average performance differences between sexes in classical and skating cross-country skiing time trials are around 12% but highly terrain dependent, with the largest sex differences in uphill terrain. These distinct competitive demands between sexes, including more time spent in uphill terrain and more use of “low-speed gears” in women, highlight a potential need for sex-specific training strategies. </p>

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Sex differences in classical and skating cross-country skiing time-trial competitions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月24日

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  • Rune Kjøsen Talsnes,
  • Jan Kocbach,
  • Øyvind Sandbakk,
  • Thomas Losnegard

摘要

Purpose

To compare differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematics between male and female cross-country skiers during 10-km time-trial competitions.

Methods

Elite- to world-class skiers performed FIS-regulated 3 × 3.3-km classical (12 women, 22 men) and skating (15 women, 32 men) competitions. A combined GNSS and IMU unit were used to determine speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematics.

Results

Average speeds for men were 12% higher than for women in both styles (both P < .001), with no differences between laps, indicating similar lap-to-lap pacing. Men demonstrated 18, 10, and 5% higher speeds in uphill, flat, and downhill terrains, respectively, for classical and 17, 6, and 5% for skating (all P < .05). Further, men spent 3%-point less of their relative time in uphill and correspondingly more time in flat and downhill terrain (all P < .001). In classical, men spent ⁓10%-point more of their total time in double poling and corresponding ⁓9%-point less time in diagonal than women (both P < .001). In skating, men spent ⁓9%-point more of their total time in the Gear-3 and ⁓12%-point less time in the Gear-2 sub-technique (all P < .001). This was accompanied by ⁓7–19% longer cycle lengths in both styles for men compared to women (all P < .05).

Conclusion

Average performance differences between sexes in classical and skating cross-country skiing time trials are around 12% but highly terrain dependent, with the largest sex differences in uphill terrain. These distinct competitive demands between sexes, including more time spent in uphill terrain and more use of “low-speed gears” in women, highlight a potential need for sex-specific training strategies.