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Background <p>Climbing has grown increasingly popular since its Olympic debut, but nutrition-related study conducted in the Asian climber population is limited. This study aimed to understand the association between dietary intake, and body composition in relation to the energy requirement of regular climbers.</p> Methods <p>A total of 49 participants (<i>n</i> = 32 male, <i>n</i> = 17 female, aged 27.5 ± 4&#xa0;years) were recruited from an indoor climbing gym in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Body composition was measured with a bioimpedance analyser. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured with indirect calorimetry. Physical activity level (PAL) was measured with International Physical Activity Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and 24 h Physical Activity Recall (24PAR). Dietary intake was obtained with a 7-day diet for analysis of nutrients. The associations between dietary intake, weight status and body composition were explored with Pearson correlation test.</p> Result <p>Mean BMI of the participants was 21.6 ± 2.9&#xa0;kg/m<sup>2</sup> with the majority being in the normal category (59.2%). The skeletal muscle mass of male and female participants were 30.7 ± 3.8&#xa0;kg and 21.7 ± 2.4&#xa0;kg, respectively. The body fat percentage of the male and female participants was 15.5 ± 6.4% and 22.8 ± 7.5%, respectively. In terms of energy adequacy, the participants had energy intake meeting about 80% of REE, but only about 50% of total daily energy expenditure on usual and training days. The mean protein intake of male and female participants was 1.2 (0.5) g/kg/day and 1.0 (0.3) g/kg/day, respectively with the majority having protein intake below recommendations. Carbohydrate intake showed a low-to-moderate negative correlation with fat mass (<i>r</i> = – 0.370, <i>p</i> = 0.037) and fat percentage (<i>r</i> = – 0.413, <i>p</i> = 0.019) in male participants, but not in female participants. However, protein and fat intake were not correlated with body mass index, body fat, skeletal muscle mass, and regional muscle mass in both male and female participants (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>This study revealed that more than half of the climbers were of normal weight status and provided insight into their body composition in terms of body fat and muscle mass. Besides that, our participants generally had less energy and macronutrient and micronutrient intake below their requirements. Despite that, carbohydrate intake showed modest negative correlation with body fat in male participants, suggesting the potential mediating effect of macronutrient on body composition. These findings ascertain the important role of nutrition in sport, highlight potential risk of nutrition deficiency, and substantiate important evidence for the establishment of nutrition recommendation for this population to optimise both sport performance and general well-being.</p>

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Body composition and measured energy expenditure in relation to dietary intake among regular climbers in Klang Valley, Malaysia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月16日

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  • Jean Ann Sau Jing En,
  • Nurul Hanis Binti Ramzi,
  • Yap Thien Vern,
  • Wong Ting Xuan

摘要

Background

Climbing has grown increasingly popular since its Olympic debut, but nutrition-related study conducted in the Asian climber population is limited. This study aimed to understand the association between dietary intake, and body composition in relation to the energy requirement of regular climbers.

Methods

A total of 49 participants (n = 32 male, n = 17 female, aged 27.5 ± 4 years) were recruited from an indoor climbing gym in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Body composition was measured with a bioimpedance analyser. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured with indirect calorimetry. Physical activity level (PAL) was measured with International Physical Activity Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and 24 h Physical Activity Recall (24PAR). Dietary intake was obtained with a 7-day diet for analysis of nutrients. The associations between dietary intake, weight status and body composition were explored with Pearson correlation test.

Result

Mean BMI of the participants was 21.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2 with the majority being in the normal category (59.2%). The skeletal muscle mass of male and female participants were 30.7 ± 3.8 kg and 21.7 ± 2.4 kg, respectively. The body fat percentage of the male and female participants was 15.5 ± 6.4% and 22.8 ± 7.5%, respectively. In terms of energy adequacy, the participants had energy intake meeting about 80% of REE, but only about 50% of total daily energy expenditure on usual and training days. The mean protein intake of male and female participants was 1.2 (0.5) g/kg/day and 1.0 (0.3) g/kg/day, respectively with the majority having protein intake below recommendations. Carbohydrate intake showed a low-to-moderate negative correlation with fat mass (r = – 0.370, p = 0.037) and fat percentage (r = – 0.413, p = 0.019) in male participants, but not in female participants. However, protein and fat intake were not correlated with body mass index, body fat, skeletal muscle mass, and regional muscle mass in both male and female participants (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study revealed that more than half of the climbers were of normal weight status and provided insight into their body composition in terms of body fat and muscle mass. Besides that, our participants generally had less energy and macronutrient and micronutrient intake below their requirements. Despite that, carbohydrate intake showed modest negative correlation with body fat in male participants, suggesting the potential mediating effect of macronutrient on body composition. These findings ascertain the important role of nutrition in sport, highlight potential risk of nutrition deficiency, and substantiate important evidence for the establishment of nutrition recommendation for this population to optimise both sport performance and general well-being.