Two-dimensional facial photography for assessment of craniofacial morphology in sleep breathing disorders: a systematic review

Craniofacial morphology is integral to Sleep Breathing Disorders (SBD), particularly Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), informing treatment strategies. This review assesses the utility of two-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry in evaluating these metrics among OSA patients.

Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted. PubMed, Embase, and Lilacs databases were systematically searched for studies utilizing 2D photography in SBD. Findings were narratively synthesized.

Thirteen studies involving 2,328 patients were included. Significant correlations were found between craniofacial measurements—specifically neck parameters and facial width—and OSA severity, even after BMI adjustment. Ethnic disparities in craniofacial morphology were observed, with photogrammetry effective in predicting OSA in Caucasians and Asians, though data for other ethnicities were limited. Pediatric studies suggest the potential of craniofacial measurements as predictors of childhood OSA, with certain caveats.

2D photogrammetry emerges as a practical and non-invasive tool correlating with OSA severity across diverse populations. However, further validation in various ethnic cohorts is essential to enhance the generalizability of these findings.