Rosmarinic acid modulates purinergic signaling and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells

Cancer cases have increased worldwide. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), a highly metastatic skin cancer, largely contributes to global statistical cancer death data. Research has shown that rosmarinic acid (RA) is a promising phenolic compound with antineoplastic properties. Thus, we investigated the effects of RA on apoptosis–inducing in melanoma cells, purinergic signaling modulation, and cytokine levels. We treated SK–MEL–28 cells for 24 h with different concentrations of RA and assessed the apoptosis, CD39, CD73, and A2A expression, and cytokine levels. We found RA–induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Regarding the purinergic system, we verified that RA downregulated the expression of CD73 and A2A, specially at high concentrations of treatment. Additionally, RA increased IL–6, IL–4, IL–10, IFN–γ, and TNF–α levels. Our in vitro results confirm RA's potential to be used to induce melanoma cell apoptosis, having CD73 and A2A as targets when reversion of immune suppression is desired. Further studies in animal models and clinical trials focusing on RA's modulation of purinergic signaling in melanoma are required.