The democratization of software engineering: evolution, definition, and the future of low-code and no-code platforms

As organizations face increasing pressure for digital agility, Low-Code and No-Code Platforms (LCP/NCP) have emerged as a primary drivers for the democratization of software development. However, the current lack of terminological consensus complicates the synthesis of research findings and obscures strategic decision-making in practice. This paper addresses this conceptual fragmentation by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and graph-based analysis of 383 definitions from 306 publications published between 2014 and 2025. Through word frequency and conceptual synthesis, the study establishes a consistent conceptual foundation for the field. It characterizes LCPs as process-oriented environments that enable both professional and citizen developers to leverage model-based approaches and minimal coding. Conversely, NCPs are defined as platforms that empower users without programming knowledge by eliminating code-based programming entirely through visual, drag-and-drop interfaces. The analysis further identifies a shift from instruction-based to intent-based development, influenced by emerging trends such as agentic-AI and “vibe coding”. By mapping 10 identified system classes across a functional taxonomy, this research offers a strategic framework for researchers to build a cumulative body of knowledge and for practitioners to mitigate the risks of shadow IT and technical debt in the era of hyperautomation.