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<p>Mulberry is the only reported plant species with multiple centromeres on each chromosome and is rich in miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in their genomes. However, the reasons for the abundance of MITEs in the genome and their role in chromosome structure have remained unanswered. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive and detailed identification of MITEs in the genome of <i>Morus notabilis</i>. A total of 99.73&#xa0;Mb of MITEs were identified in the 410.45&#xa0;Mb genome, which can be classified into 10 superfamilies and 278 families. We found that 69.10% (68.91/99.73&#xa0;Mb) of MITEs in the mulberry genome exist within the centromeric regions of chromosomes, which is also the reason for the enrichment of MITEs in the mulberry genome. At the same time, we discovered that three MITE families (<i>Moth-22</i>, <i>Moth-45</i>, and <i>Moth-87</i>) account for 98.00% (63.10/64.38&#xa0;Mb) of the MITEs in the centromeric regions, indicating that these three families are the dominant MITEs in these regions. Sequence composition analysis revealed that these MITEs are composed of multiple mulberry centromere-specific repetitive units, <i>m3cp</i>, and that <i>m3cp</i> provides the terminal inverted repeat (TIR) sequences for these MITEs. These results suggest that the abundant MITEs in the genome may facilitate the formation of polycentric chromosomes. This study not only answers the question of why there are so many MITEs in the mulberry genome but also provides new insights into the formation of polycentric chromosomes in mulberry trees.</p>

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Miniature inverted–repeat transposable elements (MITEs) play a significant role in the constitution of centromeres in Morus notabilis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Jingchun Liu,
  • Zhuobin Du,
  • Ningjia He,
  • Bi Ma

摘要

Mulberry is the only reported plant species with multiple centromeres on each chromosome and is rich in miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in their genomes. However, the reasons for the abundance of MITEs in the genome and their role in chromosome structure have remained unanswered. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive and detailed identification of MITEs in the genome of Morus notabilis. A total of 99.73 Mb of MITEs were identified in the 410.45 Mb genome, which can be classified into 10 superfamilies and 278 families. We found that 69.10% (68.91/99.73 Mb) of MITEs in the mulberry genome exist within the centromeric regions of chromosomes, which is also the reason for the enrichment of MITEs in the mulberry genome. At the same time, we discovered that three MITE families (Moth-22, Moth-45, and Moth-87) account for 98.00% (63.10/64.38 Mb) of the MITEs in the centromeric regions, indicating that these three families are the dominant MITEs in these regions. Sequence composition analysis revealed that these MITEs are composed of multiple mulberry centromere-specific repetitive units, m3cp, and that m3cp provides the terminal inverted repeat (TIR) sequences for these MITEs. These results suggest that the abundant MITEs in the genome may facilitate the formation of polycentric chromosomes. This study not only answers the question of why there are so many MITEs in the mulberry genome but also provides new insights into the formation of polycentric chromosomes in mulberry trees.