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<p>This paper presents a compact metasurface-loaded rectenna designed for RF energy harvesting from commercial 3G (2.1&#xa0;GHz), 4G (2.3&#xa0;GHz), and 5G sub-6&#xa0;GHz (3.5&#xa0;GHz) bands. A square-slot aperture antenna serves as the main radiator, enhanced by a non-uniform metasurface synthesized using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) to excite distinct dominant modes—Mode-1 (MS = 0.94 at 2.12&#xa0;GHz), Mode-2 (MS = 0.92 at 2.32&#xa0;GHz), and Modes-3/4 (MS &gt; 0.90 at 3.5&#xa0;GHz)—while maintaining broadside radiation critical for base station energy capture. The metasurface-loaded Antenna-3 (100 × 100&#xa0;mm overall size) demonstrates superior performance versus baseline prototypes: S<sub>11</sub> less than -15 dB across all target bands, peak radiation efficiency of 60% at 3.5&#xa0;GHz and realized gains of 7.2 dBi (2.1&#xa0;GHz), 7.8 dBi (2.3&#xa0;GHz), and 8.17 dBi (3.5&#xa0;GHz). Fabricated hardware measurements confirm simulations within ±0.8 dB uncertainty. The integrated BAR6403 voltage-doubler rectifier (C1/C2 = 100 pF, RL = 200 Ω) achieves tri-band efficiencies of 50/46/45% at -10 dBm, 39/38.5/37.5% at -20 dBm, and 28/27.5/27% at -30 dBm input power. Ambient testing yields 255.2 mV (0.319 mW DC power), validating CMA-guided metasurface rectennas for practical low-power IoT applications powered by existing cellular infrastructure.</p>

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CMA-Guided Non-Uniform Metasurface Rectenna for Tri-Band 3G/4G/5G RF Energy Harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Vijay S,
  • R. Ashok Bakkiyaraj,
  • M. Mohamed Ismail

摘要

This paper presents a compact metasurface-loaded rectenna designed for RF energy harvesting from commercial 3G (2.1 GHz), 4G (2.3 GHz), and 5G sub-6 GHz (3.5 GHz) bands. A square-slot aperture antenna serves as the main radiator, enhanced by a non-uniform metasurface synthesized using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) to excite distinct dominant modes—Mode-1 (MS = 0.94 at 2.12 GHz), Mode-2 (MS = 0.92 at 2.32 GHz), and Modes-3/4 (MS > 0.90 at 3.5 GHz)—while maintaining broadside radiation critical for base station energy capture. The metasurface-loaded Antenna-3 (100 × 100 mm overall size) demonstrates superior performance versus baseline prototypes: S11 less than -15 dB across all target bands, peak radiation efficiency of 60% at 3.5 GHz and realized gains of 7.2 dBi (2.1 GHz), 7.8 dBi (2.3 GHz), and 8.17 dBi (3.5 GHz). Fabricated hardware measurements confirm simulations within ±0.8 dB uncertainty. The integrated BAR6403 voltage-doubler rectifier (C1/C2 = 100 pF, RL = 200 Ω) achieves tri-band efficiencies of 50/46/45% at -10 dBm, 39/38.5/37.5% at -20 dBm, and 28/27.5/27% at -30 dBm input power. Ambient testing yields 255.2 mV (0.319 mW DC power), validating CMA-guided metasurface rectennas for practical low-power IoT applications powered by existing cellular infrastructure.