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<p>Efficient communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) requires a reliable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to manage increasing vehicular density and mobility. This paper introduces the Enhanced Cluster Multiple Access (ECMA) protocol, which incorporates a dynamic stable weighted clustering (d-SWC) approach to optimize slot reservations and cluster maintenance. By leveraging the Markov Chain model, ECMA predicts node state transitions, facilitating precise time-slot allocation and minimizing access collisions during cluster member (CM) and cluster head (CH) transitions. This approach reduces the hidden terminal problem and enhances network throughput, decreases end-to-end delay, and improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR). The performance of ECMA is compared to traditional MAC protocols through simulations, demonstrating that the d-SWC method significantly outperforms conventional threshold-based approaches. The results confirm that ECMA offers superior adaptability in various traffic scenarios, including both one-directional and bi-directional highways, making it a promising solution for real-time vehicular communications. By incorporating dynamic clustering and slot allocation, the ECMA protocol addresses the challenges of scalability and collision avoidance, ensuring efficient and stable communication for safety–critical applications in VANETs.</p>

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Enhanced Cluster-Based MAC Protocol Using Dynamic Stable Weighted Clustering and Markov Chain for Efficient VANET Communication

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Siman Emmanuel,
  • Ismail Fauzi Isnin,
  • Mohd.Murtadha Mohamad

摘要

Efficient communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) requires a reliable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to manage increasing vehicular density and mobility. This paper introduces the Enhanced Cluster Multiple Access (ECMA) protocol, which incorporates a dynamic stable weighted clustering (d-SWC) approach to optimize slot reservations and cluster maintenance. By leveraging the Markov Chain model, ECMA predicts node state transitions, facilitating precise time-slot allocation and minimizing access collisions during cluster member (CM) and cluster head (CH) transitions. This approach reduces the hidden terminal problem and enhances network throughput, decreases end-to-end delay, and improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR). The performance of ECMA is compared to traditional MAC protocols through simulations, demonstrating that the d-SWC method significantly outperforms conventional threshold-based approaches. The results confirm that ECMA offers superior adaptability in various traffic scenarios, including both one-directional and bi-directional highways, making it a promising solution for real-time vehicular communications. By incorporating dynamic clustering and slot allocation, the ECMA protocol addresses the challenges of scalability and collision avoidance, ensuring efficient and stable communication for safety–critical applications in VANETs.