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<p>Since their scalable and stateless operation is among their greatest attributes, geographic routing protocols such as Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) have readily gained acceptance in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). However, GPSR also suffers from major disadvantages in high-mobility scenarios, such as void areas, rigid perimeter recovery, and energy wastage. This paper proposes an enhanced routing framework called ABC-GPSR+, which sensitizes both greedy forwarding and perimeter recovery to ABC (Artificial Bee Colony) optimization for adaptive, energy-aware, and congestion-resilient routing. In contrast to their predecessor heuristic extensions, the authors justify analytically how ABC’s rapid convergence, minimal overhead, and exploration-exploitation balance make it well-suited for decentralized UAV environments. Then, a multi-metric function is formed from four metrics (residual energy, link stability, hop count, and latency), and an accompanying analysis of the changing parameters (w₁–w₄) is provided to assess robustness within dynamic scenarios. Full benchmarking was carried out by comparing other latest protocols (QARP, 2024; DEAR, 2023; MP-QGRD, 2023; TARRAQ, 2024; and HIROL, 2023). The simulation framework was developed in a Python environment for replication, lengthened to 50&#xa0;s for steady-state verification. Results indicate that ABC-GPSR + can deliver a 27.4% higher Packet Delivery Ratio, 23.8% lower latency, and 18.9% less energy consumption compared to the best other approach, while incurring moderate control overheads. The proposed ABC-GPSR+ framework thus provides a theoretically sound and practically validated method of guaranteeing energy-adaptive routing in real life for large-scale FANETs and offers a well-defined direction for bioinspired and intelligent aerial communication systems in the future.</p>

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A Novel Bee-Colony-Enhanced GPSR Protocol for Efficient Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Raju Singh,
  • Ghanshyam Prasad Dubey

摘要

Since their scalable and stateless operation is among their greatest attributes, geographic routing protocols such as Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) have readily gained acceptance in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). However, GPSR also suffers from major disadvantages in high-mobility scenarios, such as void areas, rigid perimeter recovery, and energy wastage. This paper proposes an enhanced routing framework called ABC-GPSR+, which sensitizes both greedy forwarding and perimeter recovery to ABC (Artificial Bee Colony) optimization for adaptive, energy-aware, and congestion-resilient routing. In contrast to their predecessor heuristic extensions, the authors justify analytically how ABC’s rapid convergence, minimal overhead, and exploration-exploitation balance make it well-suited for decentralized UAV environments. Then, a multi-metric function is formed from four metrics (residual energy, link stability, hop count, and latency), and an accompanying analysis of the changing parameters (w₁–w₄) is provided to assess robustness within dynamic scenarios. Full benchmarking was carried out by comparing other latest protocols (QARP, 2024; DEAR, 2023; MP-QGRD, 2023; TARRAQ, 2024; and HIROL, 2023). The simulation framework was developed in a Python environment for replication, lengthened to 50 s for steady-state verification. Results indicate that ABC-GPSR + can deliver a 27.4% higher Packet Delivery Ratio, 23.8% lower latency, and 18.9% less energy consumption compared to the best other approach, while incurring moderate control overheads. The proposed ABC-GPSR+ framework thus provides a theoretically sound and practically validated method of guaranteeing energy-adaptive routing in real life for large-scale FANETs and offers a well-defined direction for bioinspired and intelligent aerial communication systems in the future.