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<p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with free-space optical (FSO) communications have emerged as pivotal technological assets in disaster management. Traditional communication infrastructures often fail during severe disaster scenarios, resulting in delayed or ineffective emergency response efforts. Consequently, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles with free-space optical communication technologies has emerged as an essential innovation in disaster response management. UAVs provide agile and rapidly deployable platforms, while FSO technology offers high-bandwidth, secure, and interference-resistant communication links. This comprehensive review systematically explores the current state and advanced integration strategies of UAVs equipped with FSO communication in disaster scenarios. Initially, the paper establishes the research context, identifying challenges associated with conventional disaster communications. Subsequently, the necessity for this review is articulated through a critical examination of the limitations faced by existing terrestrial systems. The paper clearly delineates various aspects of UAV-FSO integration by providing essential background information on disasters and conventional emergency communication systems, elaborating on the roles, benefits, and applications of UAVs specifically in disaster management contexts, and introducing FSO technology with its operational principles and advantages. Furthermore, it critically examines existing challenges and technical limitations of UAV-based FSO systems, including atmospheric disturbances and alignment issues. Recent technological advancements and mitigation strategies, such as intelligent reflecting surfaces, quantum key distribution, and machine learning integration, are discussed to enhance system reliability and performance. Detailed performance metrics such as bit error rate (BER) and outage probability are analyzed for evaluating UAV-FSO systems. Finally, the review addresses the latest contributions and innovations in the field, emphasizing future research directions and open challenges, and concludes by summarizing the transformative potential of integrating UAVs with FSO communications, advocating for continued research and practical application to improve disaster response capabilities globally.</p>

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A Comprehensive Review of Cutting-Edge Disaster Response: UAVs Equipped with FSO-Based Communications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月1日

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  • Zaid Jabbar Al-Allaq,
  • Wafaa M. R. Shakir,
  • Jinan Charafeddine

摘要

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with free-space optical (FSO) communications have emerged as pivotal technological assets in disaster management. Traditional communication infrastructures often fail during severe disaster scenarios, resulting in delayed or ineffective emergency response efforts. Consequently, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles with free-space optical communication technologies has emerged as an essential innovation in disaster response management. UAVs provide agile and rapidly deployable platforms, while FSO technology offers high-bandwidth, secure, and interference-resistant communication links. This comprehensive review systematically explores the current state and advanced integration strategies of UAVs equipped with FSO communication in disaster scenarios. Initially, the paper establishes the research context, identifying challenges associated with conventional disaster communications. Subsequently, the necessity for this review is articulated through a critical examination of the limitations faced by existing terrestrial systems. The paper clearly delineates various aspects of UAV-FSO integration by providing essential background information on disasters and conventional emergency communication systems, elaborating on the roles, benefits, and applications of UAVs specifically in disaster management contexts, and introducing FSO technology with its operational principles and advantages. Furthermore, it critically examines existing challenges and technical limitations of UAV-based FSO systems, including atmospheric disturbances and alignment issues. Recent technological advancements and mitigation strategies, such as intelligent reflecting surfaces, quantum key distribution, and machine learning integration, are discussed to enhance system reliability and performance. Detailed performance metrics such as bit error rate (BER) and outage probability are analyzed for evaluating UAV-FSO systems. Finally, the review addresses the latest contributions and innovations in the field, emphasizing future research directions and open challenges, and concludes by summarizing the transformative potential of integrating UAVs with FSO communications, advocating for continued research and practical application to improve disaster response capabilities globally.