Review and Development of a Patch Antenna for GNSS Navigation in India’s Satellite Constellation

This paper presents the design and implementation of a patch antenna for receiving signals in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), specifically focusing on the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). NavIC, developed by ISRO, requires operations in L5 and S-band frequencies, and its main purpose is to ensure positioning and navigation services dependably throughout the Indian subcontinent. The antenna design realizes a simple line feed method with a rectangular patch and optimum dimensions for appropriate polarization. To this end, the axial ratio is kept within the range from 0 to 3 dB for the antenna to offer CP with good radiation efficiency. The frequency of operation falls within the L5 band at 1.1672 GHz. Performance of the antenna, based on S11, axial ratio, and radiation patterns in both E-plane and H-plane, shows a very good directivity and wide beamwidth. Hence, it provides a very suitable and effective solution for the ground-based GNSS.