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<p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in narrow linear topologies, such as sewage pipe networks, suffer from the severe hotspot problem due to restricted directional data flow. Traditional 2D planar unequal clustering protocols fail in these environments, often causing inefficient backward routing and rapid energy depletion. In this paper, we propose a Linear-topology-oriented Hierarchical Unequal Clustering and Hybrid Routing protocol (LHUCR). LHUCR strictly enforces a hop-based logical layering mechanism to ensure unidirectional data progression. Furthermore, we mathematically derive an optimal inter-cluster distance threshold (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_{th1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) to dynamically switch between direct and multi-hop routing. The clustering and routing decisions are modeled as Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) processes, governed by explicit engineering parameters including a maximum competition radius (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_{\text {max}} = 25\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> m), a distance balancing factor (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma = 0.6\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), and a real-time relay load penalty (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(F_{\text {Load}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) to strictly prevent secondary hotspots. Extensive simulations demonstrate that LHUCR extends the First Node Dead (FND) milestone by over 91 times (reaching 919 rounds) compared to state-of-the-art distance-aware protocols in extreme <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(20 \text { m} \times 1000 \text { m}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> scenarios, while maintaining an ultra-low steady-state energy consumption of 0.1880 J/round and a 97.69% data aggregation rate.</p>

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LHUCR: an energy-aware hierarchical unequal clustering and hybrid routing protocol for monitoring sewage pipe networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Ganggang Yang,
  • Yaodan Chi,
  • Junxi Wang,
  • Qinghai Cui

摘要

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in narrow linear topologies, such as sewage pipe networks, suffer from the severe hotspot problem due to restricted directional data flow. Traditional 2D planar unequal clustering protocols fail in these environments, often causing inefficient backward routing and rapid energy depletion. In this paper, we propose a Linear-topology-oriented Hierarchical Unequal Clustering and Hybrid Routing protocol (LHUCR). LHUCR strictly enforces a hop-based logical layering mechanism to ensure unidirectional data progression. Furthermore, we mathematically derive an optimal inter-cluster distance threshold ( \(D_{th1}\) ) to dynamically switch between direct and multi-hop routing. The clustering and routing decisions are modeled as Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) processes, governed by explicit engineering parameters including a maximum competition radius ( \(R_{\text {max}} = 25\) m), a distance balancing factor ( \(\gamma = 0.6\) ), and a real-time relay load penalty ( \(F_{\text {Load}}\) ) to strictly prevent secondary hotspots. Extensive simulations demonstrate that LHUCR extends the First Node Dead (FND) milestone by over 91 times (reaching 919 rounds) compared to state-of-the-art distance-aware protocols in extreme \(20 \text { m} \times 1000 \text { m}\) scenarios, while maintaining an ultra-low steady-state energy consumption of 0.1880 J/round and a 97.69% data aggregation rate.