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<p>Soil prokaryotic communities are central to nutrient cycling and soil functioning, yet their long-term responses to conservation agriculture (CA) remain poorly understood in subtropical rice–maize systems. This study evaluated the effects of nineteen years of contrasting tillage and residue management practices on soil prokaryotic community composition, diversity, and predicted functional potential in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soils from conventional tillage (T<sub>1</sub>), zero tillage with residue retention (T<sub>2</sub>), permanent bed without residue (T<sub>3</sub>), and permanent bed with residue retention (T<sub>4</sub>) were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2-based functional inference. Residue-retained CA treatments (T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>) were associated with distinct shifts in prokaryotic composition, with Pseudomonadota increasing from 31.7% in T<sub>1</sub> to 56.4% in T<sub>4</sub> and Acidobacteriota from 1.9% to 11.1%. Methanogen-associated Euryarchaeota, including Methanosarcina and Methanothrix, were more abundant under residue-retained systems. Alpha diversity indices were highest under T<sub>4</sub>, while Bray–Curtis-based beta diversity indicated clear separation between conventional tillage and CA treatments. PICRUSt2 analyses suggested 2.3-fold higher predicted amino acid metabolism and 2.4-fold higher carbohydrate metabolism pathways in T<sub>4</sub> than in T<sub>1</sub>, accompanied by greater predicted membrane transport and xenobiotic degradation pathways. Overall, these findings indicate that long-term residue retention and reduced soil disturbance are associated with shifts in soil prokaryotic communities and their predicted functional potential in rice–maize systems.</p>

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Interaction of soil prokaryotic communities after nineteen years of conservation agriculture in rice-maize system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Peram Nagaseshi Reddy,
  • Sanjay Tiwari,
  • Mukesh Kumar,
  • A. K. Singh,
  • Chinthala Mounika,
  • Gurwaan Singh,
  • R. K. Jat,
  • Illathur Rajesh Reddy,
  • K. M. Choudhary,
  • K. C. Kalwania,
  • M. L. Jat,
  • Mahesh K. Gathala

摘要

Soil prokaryotic communities are central to nutrient cycling and soil functioning, yet their long-term responses to conservation agriculture (CA) remain poorly understood in subtropical rice–maize systems. This study evaluated the effects of nineteen years of contrasting tillage and residue management practices on soil prokaryotic community composition, diversity, and predicted functional potential in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soils from conventional tillage (T1), zero tillage with residue retention (T2), permanent bed without residue (T3), and permanent bed with residue retention (T4) were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2-based functional inference. Residue-retained CA treatments (T2 and T4) were associated with distinct shifts in prokaryotic composition, with Pseudomonadota increasing from 31.7% in T1 to 56.4% in T4 and Acidobacteriota from 1.9% to 11.1%. Methanogen-associated Euryarchaeota, including Methanosarcina and Methanothrix, were more abundant under residue-retained systems. Alpha diversity indices were highest under T4, while Bray–Curtis-based beta diversity indicated clear separation between conventional tillage and CA treatments. PICRUSt2 analyses suggested 2.3-fold higher predicted amino acid metabolism and 2.4-fold higher carbohydrate metabolism pathways in T4 than in T1, accompanied by greater predicted membrane transport and xenobiotic degradation pathways. Overall, these findings indicate that long-term residue retention and reduced soil disturbance are associated with shifts in soil prokaryotic communities and their predicted functional potential in rice–maize systems.