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<p>Arsenic, a highly toxic metalloid, is ubiquitously distributed in groundwater and soil environments, posing significant risks to ecosystem integrity and human health. Conventional physicochemical remediation methods are often costly and prone to generating secondary pollution. In contrast, bioremediation offers a promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative. Naturally arsenic-resistant microorganisms can detoxify arsenic via multiple pathways, including oxidation, reduction, efflux, and methylation. However, their practical application remains constrained by limited resistance levels and suboptimal transformation efficiency. This review examines the diversity and characteristics of arsenic-resistant microorganisms, the molecular mechanisms of key enzymes such as arsenite oxidase and arsenite methyltransferase, strategies for constructing genetically engineered arsenic-resistant bacteria, and evaluations of their functional performance. Finally, future research directions are discussed, including the exploration of novel biological resources and the enhancement of field adaptability, aiming to advance arsenic bioremediation technologies.</p>

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The key to arsenic pollution remediation: engineering and functional effects of arsenic-resistant microorganisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Wanting Wang,
  • Lin Xu,
  • Zixia Xu,
  • Na Wang,
  • Qiyu Gao

摘要

Arsenic, a highly toxic metalloid, is ubiquitously distributed in groundwater and soil environments, posing significant risks to ecosystem integrity and human health. Conventional physicochemical remediation methods are often costly and prone to generating secondary pollution. In contrast, bioremediation offers a promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative. Naturally arsenic-resistant microorganisms can detoxify arsenic via multiple pathways, including oxidation, reduction, efflux, and methylation. However, their practical application remains constrained by limited resistance levels and suboptimal transformation efficiency. This review examines the diversity and characteristics of arsenic-resistant microorganisms, the molecular mechanisms of key enzymes such as arsenite oxidase and arsenite methyltransferase, strategies for constructing genetically engineered arsenic-resistant bacteria, and evaluations of their functional performance. Finally, future research directions are discussed, including the exploration of novel biological resources and the enhancement of field adaptability, aiming to advance arsenic bioremediation technologies.