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<p>Drought stress substantially reduces the growth and development of plants necessitating eco-friendly strategies for crop resilience. Therefore, this study investigated the combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) <i>Paenibacillus lentimorbus</i> (CHM12) and turmeric leaf biochar (TBC) as sustainable amendments to mitigate drought effects on <i>Zea mays</i>. The experiment was conducted from May 2025 to June 2025. Among the three tested strains, <i>Paenibacillus lentimorbus</i> CHM12 emerged as the most effective PGPR compatible with TBC, as confirmed by colony-forming unit quantification. SEM analysis revealed a highly porous biochar structure that facilitated bacterial attachment and persistence. Under drought stress, the combined TBC+CHM12 treatment significantly enhanced shoot length by 55.00% and root length by 59.98% compared to untreated plant. The co-application of CHM12 and TBC alleviated drought stress by enhancing total soluble sugars, moderating proline accumulation (indicating improved osmotic balance), and reducing oxidative damage, as indicated by decreased malondialdehyde content accompanied by regulated antioxidant enzyme activity, reflecting improved redox homeostasis. Soil physicochemical properties (N, P, K, Total Organic Carbon) and enzymatic activities were also improved in TBC+CHM12-treated soil. Gene expression analysis of defense-related genes (<i>ZmAPX</i>, <i>ZmSOD</i>, <i>ZmCAT</i>), drought-responsive genes (<i>ZmDBF1</i>, <i>ZmDHN1</i>), and transcription factor genes (<i>ZmNAC</i>, <i>ZmWRKY</i>, <i>ZmMYB</i>) further demonstrated the synergistic benefits under drought conditions. Furthermore, GC-MS metabolite profiling revealed significant shifts in metabolites (carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, and lipids) following combined biochar-PGPR application. Overall, the combined application of turmeric leaf biochar and CHM12 offers an environmentally sustainable and effective approach to enhance maize growth under drought stress.</p>

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Turmeric leaf–derived biochar as a microbial scaffold for Paenibacillus lentimorbus enhances drought tolerance in Zea mays

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Abhilasha Mishra,
  • Vaishali Vaishali,
  • Nikita Bisht,
  • Sampurna Nand,
  • Shashank Kumar Mishra,
  • Anju Patel,
  • Pankaj Kumar Srivastava,
  • Neelam Pathak,
  • Puneet Singh Chauhan

摘要

Drought stress substantially reduces the growth and development of plants necessitating eco-friendly strategies for crop resilience. Therefore, this study investigated the combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Paenibacillus lentimorbus (CHM12) and turmeric leaf biochar (TBC) as sustainable amendments to mitigate drought effects on Zea mays. The experiment was conducted from May 2025 to June 2025. Among the three tested strains, Paenibacillus lentimorbus CHM12 emerged as the most effective PGPR compatible with TBC, as confirmed by colony-forming unit quantification. SEM analysis revealed a highly porous biochar structure that facilitated bacterial attachment and persistence. Under drought stress, the combined TBC+CHM12 treatment significantly enhanced shoot length by 55.00% and root length by 59.98% compared to untreated plant. The co-application of CHM12 and TBC alleviated drought stress by enhancing total soluble sugars, moderating proline accumulation (indicating improved osmotic balance), and reducing oxidative damage, as indicated by decreased malondialdehyde content accompanied by regulated antioxidant enzyme activity, reflecting improved redox homeostasis. Soil physicochemical properties (N, P, K, Total Organic Carbon) and enzymatic activities were also improved in TBC+CHM12-treated soil. Gene expression analysis of defense-related genes (ZmAPX, ZmSOD, ZmCAT), drought-responsive genes (ZmDBF1, ZmDHN1), and transcription factor genes (ZmNAC, ZmWRKY, ZmMYB) further demonstrated the synergistic benefits under drought conditions. Furthermore, GC-MS metabolite profiling revealed significant shifts in metabolites (carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, and lipids) following combined biochar-PGPR application. Overall, the combined application of turmeric leaf biochar and CHM12 offers an environmentally sustainable and effective approach to enhance maize growth under drought stress.