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<p>Excessive use of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCM), has led to increased levels in water sources. This study examined the production of laccase from the white-rot fungus (WRF) <i>Megasporoporia minor</i>, known for its high laccase output, for biodegrading DCF and PCM using innovative polyacrylamide gel chips or cryogel (PAG) and chitosan beads. These materials were characterized through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results from immobilization efficiency and reusability tests showed that glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) modified PAG cryogel was most effective for laccase immobilization. Free and immobilized laccase was employed for the degradation of DCF and PCM. It was demonstrated that laccase immobilized on PAG cryogel chips degraded 93.24 ± 1.83% and 98.24 ± 0.93% of 100 ppm DCF and PCM within 24 and 4&#xa0;h in simulated water. In real hospital effluent 88.75 ± 1.55% and 92.6 ± 1.51% of DCF and PCM degradation were observed. Confirmation of biodegradation was performed via HPLC, HPTLC, and LC-MS. Antimicrobial and phytotoxic assessments, using bacterial growth inhibition assays and seed germination tests with species such as <i>Triticum aestivum</i>,<i> Vigna radiata</i>, and <i>Cicer arietinum</i> and a viability assay on murine fibroblast McCoy cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, demonstrated the remediation of the micropollutants. The high removal efficiencies, together with the confirmed biocompatibility of the treated samples, highlights the potential of this laccase-based system as an eco-friendly, scalable and highly effective approach for the remediation of micropollutants in wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Biodegradation of diclofenac and paracetamol using immobilized laccase on novel polyacrylamide alginate gel chips and chitosan beads for mitigation of micropollutants in hospital effluent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Ravi Kachhadiya,
  • Darshankumar Prajapati,
  • Dharti Bhadla,
  • Neeraj Jain,
  • Akshaya Gupte

摘要

Excessive use of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like diclofenac (DCF) and paracetamol (PCM), has led to increased levels in water sources. This study examined the production of laccase from the white-rot fungus (WRF) Megasporoporia minor, known for its high laccase output, for biodegrading DCF and PCM using innovative polyacrylamide gel chips or cryogel (PAG) and chitosan beads. These materials were characterized through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results from immobilization efficiency and reusability tests showed that glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) modified PAG cryogel was most effective for laccase immobilization. Free and immobilized laccase was employed for the degradation of DCF and PCM. It was demonstrated that laccase immobilized on PAG cryogel chips degraded 93.24 ± 1.83% and 98.24 ± 0.93% of 100 ppm DCF and PCM within 24 and 4 h in simulated water. In real hospital effluent 88.75 ± 1.55% and 92.6 ± 1.51% of DCF and PCM degradation were observed. Confirmation of biodegradation was performed via HPLC, HPTLC, and LC-MS. Antimicrobial and phytotoxic assessments, using bacterial growth inhibition assays and seed germination tests with species such as Triticum aestivum, Vigna radiata, and Cicer arietinum and a viability assay on murine fibroblast McCoy cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, demonstrated the remediation of the micropollutants. The high removal efficiencies, together with the confirmed biocompatibility of the treated samples, highlights the potential of this laccase-based system as an eco-friendly, scalable and highly effective approach for the remediation of micropollutants in wastewater treatment applications.