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<p>Soy sauce cake (SSC), a protein-rich by-product from soy sauce production, remains underutilized despite its potential for valorization into bioactive peptides. Halophilic bacteria, known for their robust enzymes, offer a sustainable solution for SSC biodegradation under high-salt conditions. This study investigates <i>Mesobacillus</i> sp. strain LC4, a protease-producing halophilic bacterium isolated from mangrove sediment. Phylogenetic and whole genome analyses confirmed strain LC4 as a novel <i>Mesobacillus</i> species, with ANIb and dDDH values below species delineation thresholds. Genome mining identified 25 extracellular protease-encoding genes, comprising serine and metalloproteases with physicochemical properties indicating thermotolerance and halophilicity. Crude protease assays demonstrated broad activity across temperatures (27–70&#xa0;°C), pH levels (6–11), and salinities (0–15% w/v NaCl), with optimal activity at 40–60&#xa0;°C, pH 8 and 4–8% NaCl. Enzymatic stability was retained in the presence of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> ions. Submerged fermentation of SSC by strain LC4 demonstrated significant protein hydrolysis (5.16 ± 0.18&#xa0;mg/g dry sample) at 24&#xa0;h, and peptide production (0.63 ± 0.03&#xa0;mg/g dry sample) at 72&#xa0;h. These findings have highlighted the potential of strain LC4 for upcycling proteinaceous high-salt food waste, providing a basis for future applications in sustainable food waste valorization and bioactive peptides production.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Genomic and functional characterization of halophilic Mesobacillus sp. LC4: A novel protease producer for valorization of soy sauce cake waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Ivan Kai Jie Lim,
  • Phoebe Zhi Yee Looi,
  • Esther Zhe Hui Chong,
  • Chun Shiong Chong,
  • Ming Quan Lam,
  • Kah Yaw Ee

摘要

Soy sauce cake (SSC), a protein-rich by-product from soy sauce production, remains underutilized despite its potential for valorization into bioactive peptides. Halophilic bacteria, known for their robust enzymes, offer a sustainable solution for SSC biodegradation under high-salt conditions. This study investigates Mesobacillus sp. strain LC4, a protease-producing halophilic bacterium isolated from mangrove sediment. Phylogenetic and whole genome analyses confirmed strain LC4 as a novel Mesobacillus species, with ANIb and dDDH values below species delineation thresholds. Genome mining identified 25 extracellular protease-encoding genes, comprising serine and metalloproteases with physicochemical properties indicating thermotolerance and halophilicity. Crude protease assays demonstrated broad activity across temperatures (27–70 °C), pH levels (6–11), and salinities (0–15% w/v NaCl), with optimal activity at 40–60 °C, pH 8 and 4–8% NaCl. Enzymatic stability was retained in the presence of Ca2+ and Al3+ ions. Submerged fermentation of SSC by strain LC4 demonstrated significant protein hydrolysis (5.16 ± 0.18 mg/g dry sample) at 24 h, and peptide production (0.63 ± 0.03 mg/g dry sample) at 72 h. These findings have highlighted the potential of strain LC4 for upcycling proteinaceous high-salt food waste, providing a basis for future applications in sustainable food waste valorization and bioactive peptides production.

Graphical Abstract