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<p>The increasing resistance of fungal pathogens to synthetic fungicides necessitates eco-friendly alternatives. Zinc-chitosan (Zn-Ch) complexe offer a sustainable solution due to their biocompatibility and antifungal properties. This study synthesized and characterized Zn-Ch using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fluorescence spectral analysis, confirming strong Zn²⁺ interactions with chitosan. In vitro bioassays evaluated antifungal efficacy across different treatments: Mancozeb (chemical control), chitosan alone (Ch), non-complexed Zn (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) + Ch, and the Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex. In all treatments, Mancozeb and Ch were tested at identical concentrations (0.5–2.5%) to ensure comparative analysis. Mancozeb and Ch exhibited dose-dependent inhibition, reaching 66.67% and 78.57% at 2.5%, respectively. Non-complexed Zn (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) + Ch demonstrated enhanced antifungal activity, with 5.0 ppm achieving 89.03% inhibition, while the Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex exhibited the highest antifungal efficacy (99% inhibition) with severe hyphal distortion and delayed sporulation. Biochemical assays revealed an initial increase in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, peaking at 1.0–1.5%, followed by significant declines at higher concentrations. The Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex caused the steepest enzymatic decline at 2.0–2.5%, suggesting oxidative stress-induced fungal suppression. Collectively, these findings confirmed the potential of the Zn–Ch complex in enhancing antifungal efficacy by altering fungal morphology, suppressing growth, and activating enzymatic defense responses in plants. Zn–Ch emerged as a promising, biocompatible alternative to synthetic fungicides, warranting further in vivo validation for its application in sustainable crop protection strategies.</p>

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Synthesis and effects of zinc-chitosan complex on morpho-growth and biochemical responses in Alternaria alternata, a cause of leaf blights and spots on plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Ghulam Roquyya,
  • Amna Shoaib,
  • Shagufta Parveen,
  • Muhammad Rafiq

摘要

The increasing resistance of fungal pathogens to synthetic fungicides necessitates eco-friendly alternatives. Zinc-chitosan (Zn-Ch) complexe offer a sustainable solution due to their biocompatibility and antifungal properties. This study synthesized and characterized Zn-Ch using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fluorescence spectral analysis, confirming strong Zn²⁺ interactions with chitosan. In vitro bioassays evaluated antifungal efficacy across different treatments: Mancozeb (chemical control), chitosan alone (Ch), non-complexed Zn (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) + Ch, and the Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex. In all treatments, Mancozeb and Ch were tested at identical concentrations (0.5–2.5%) to ensure comparative analysis. Mancozeb and Ch exhibited dose-dependent inhibition, reaching 66.67% and 78.57% at 2.5%, respectively. Non-complexed Zn (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) + Ch demonstrated enhanced antifungal activity, with 5.0 ppm achieving 89.03% inhibition, while the Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex exhibited the highest antifungal efficacy (99% inhibition) with severe hyphal distortion and delayed sporulation. Biochemical assays revealed an initial increase in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, peaking at 1.0–1.5%, followed by significant declines at higher concentrations. The Zn (5.0 ppm)-Ch complex caused the steepest enzymatic decline at 2.0–2.5%, suggesting oxidative stress-induced fungal suppression. Collectively, these findings confirmed the potential of the Zn–Ch complex in enhancing antifungal efficacy by altering fungal morphology, suppressing growth, and activating enzymatic defense responses in plants. Zn–Ch emerged as a promising, biocompatible alternative to synthetic fungicides, warranting further in vivo validation for its application in sustainable crop protection strategies.