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<p>Mangrove restoration programs depend on the production of vigorous seedlings capable of establishing under environmentally stressful coastal conditions. This study evaluated the effects of substrate composition and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) dose on the early development of <i>Rhizophora mangle</i> seedlings under nursery conditions in Ecuador. A completely randomized factorial experiment was conducted using six substrate mixtures and four IBA doses. Morphological variables including seedling height, leaf number, and stem diameter were evaluated over a 90-day experimental period. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of IBA dose, substrate composition, and their interaction on the evaluated morphological variables. For seedling height, significant effects were detected for IBA dose (p = 0.000747), substrate composition (p = 0.000320), and the IBA dose × substrate interaction (p = 0.000687). Similar significant responses were observed for leaf number and stem diameter. Mixed substrates containing sand, perlite, or both generally improved morphological performance compared with pure substrates, although the magnitude of the response depended on the IBA dose and substrate combination. Intermediate and standard IBA doses promoted greater leaf production and seedling growth compared with the control treatment and the highest concentration evaluated. Pearson correlation analysis showed a moderate positive association between seedling height and stem diameter, while correlations involving leaf number were weak or non-significant. The results suggest that substrate physical structure and moderate hormonal stimulation play complementary roles in improving propagule development under nursery conditions. These findings provide practical guidance for mangrove propagation and restoration programs by supporting the use of aerated mixed substrates and optimized IBA concentrations to improve seedling quality. However, the study was conducted under controlled nursery conditions and focused on short-term developmental responses; therefore, further field-based evaluations are required to assess long-term establishment success.</p>

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Optimization of substrate composition and IBA dose in nursery propagation of Rhizophora mangle in Ecuador: a factorial experiment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Eder Sánchez,
  • Oscar Navia-Pesantes,
  • Cesar Suárez

摘要

Mangrove restoration programs depend on the production of vigorous seedlings capable of establishing under environmentally stressful coastal conditions. This study evaluated the effects of substrate composition and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) dose on the early development of Rhizophora mangle seedlings under nursery conditions in Ecuador. A completely randomized factorial experiment was conducted using six substrate mixtures and four IBA doses. Morphological variables including seedling height, leaf number, and stem diameter were evaluated over a 90-day experimental period. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of IBA dose, substrate composition, and their interaction on the evaluated morphological variables. For seedling height, significant effects were detected for IBA dose (p = 0.000747), substrate composition (p = 0.000320), and the IBA dose × substrate interaction (p = 0.000687). Similar significant responses were observed for leaf number and stem diameter. Mixed substrates containing sand, perlite, or both generally improved morphological performance compared with pure substrates, although the magnitude of the response depended on the IBA dose and substrate combination. Intermediate and standard IBA doses promoted greater leaf production and seedling growth compared with the control treatment and the highest concentration evaluated. Pearson correlation analysis showed a moderate positive association between seedling height and stem diameter, while correlations involving leaf number were weak or non-significant. The results suggest that substrate physical structure and moderate hormonal stimulation play complementary roles in improving propagule development under nursery conditions. These findings provide practical guidance for mangrove propagation and restoration programs by supporting the use of aerated mixed substrates and optimized IBA concentrations to improve seedling quality. However, the study was conducted under controlled nursery conditions and focused on short-term developmental responses; therefore, further field-based evaluations are required to assess long-term establishment success.