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<p>The textile industry in Malaysia, particularly in districts like Batu Pahat, Johor faces critical challenges due to the discharge of high-intensity reactive dyes that significantly inhibit photosynthetic activity in aquatic ecosystems even at concentrations below 1&#xa0;mg/L. This study systematically evaluates the coagulation–flocculation performance of three coagulants; alum, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), and ferric chloride (FeCl<sub>3</sub>) combined with polyacrylamide (PAM) to optimise the treatment of such high-load industrial effluent. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimal coagulant dosage (50–250&#xa0;mg/L), pH (6–8), and PAM dosage (1–3&#xa0;mg/L), assessing removal efficiencies for turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour (ADMI and Pt–Co). Results indicate that alum and PAC achieved optimal pollutant removal at 250&#xa0;mg/L and pH 7, while FeCl<sub>3</sub> exhibited its highest efficiency at 150&#xa0;mg/L and pH 6. Optimal flocculation was obtained with 3&#xa0;mg/L PAM for alum, 1&#xa0;mg/L for PAC, and 2&#xa0;mg/L for FeCl<sub>3</sub>. The combination of 250&#xa0;mg/L alum at pH 7 with 3&#xa0;mg/L PAM demonstrated the highest overall removal efficiency, achieving complete turbidity removal, 94.74% to 100% TSS removal, 47.37% COD reduction, and up to 69%–70% colour removal (reducing true colour from 1,205 to 361 ADMI). In comparison, optimised PAC with 1&#xa0;mg/L PAM achieved 100% turbidity removal but lower decolourization (64.06%), while FeCl<sub>3</sub> performance was limited by floc fragility. These findings highlight the critical influence of coagulant type and dosage on preventing destabilisation and support the use of optimised coagulation-flocculation as a sustainable pre-treatment strategy for textile effluent management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>This graphical abstract illustrates the optimization of a coagulation-flocculation process for treating industrial textile wastewater. The study transitions from raw wastewater to high-clarity treated water by evaluating three primary coagulants, alum, PAC, and FeCl<sub>3</sub> within a pH range of 6 – 8. The mechanism highlights how charge neutralization and interparticle bridging (aided by PAM) drive the formation of settleable flocs. The results demonstrate that a combination of 250&#xa0;mg/L alum and 3&#xa0;mg/L PAM at pH 7 achieves a superior 100% turbidity removal and &gt; 94% TSS reduction, offering a sustainable pathway for industrial water reuse.</p> <p></p>

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From Dyehouse to Discharge: Optimising Coagulation–Flocculation for Real Textile Industry Wastewater Using Alum, PAC, and Ferric Chloride

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Qian Hui Tan,
  • Kok Chung Chong,
  • Woon Chan Chong,
  • Soon Onn Lai,
  • Siew Hoong Shuit,
  • Heng Keong Kam,
  • Fang Wang,
  • Woei Jye Lau

摘要

The textile industry in Malaysia, particularly in districts like Batu Pahat, Johor faces critical challenges due to the discharge of high-intensity reactive dyes that significantly inhibit photosynthetic activity in aquatic ecosystems even at concentrations below 1 mg/L. This study systematically evaluates the coagulation–flocculation performance of three coagulants; alum, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), and ferric chloride (FeCl3) combined with polyacrylamide (PAM) to optimise the treatment of such high-load industrial effluent. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimal coagulant dosage (50–250 mg/L), pH (6–8), and PAM dosage (1–3 mg/L), assessing removal efficiencies for turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour (ADMI and Pt–Co). Results indicate that alum and PAC achieved optimal pollutant removal at 250 mg/L and pH 7, while FeCl3 exhibited its highest efficiency at 150 mg/L and pH 6. Optimal flocculation was obtained with 3 mg/L PAM for alum, 1 mg/L for PAC, and 2 mg/L for FeCl3. The combination of 250 mg/L alum at pH 7 with 3 mg/L PAM demonstrated the highest overall removal efficiency, achieving complete turbidity removal, 94.74% to 100% TSS removal, 47.37% COD reduction, and up to 69%–70% colour removal (reducing true colour from 1,205 to 361 ADMI). In comparison, optimised PAC with 1 mg/L PAM achieved 100% turbidity removal but lower decolourization (64.06%), while FeCl3 performance was limited by floc fragility. These findings highlight the critical influence of coagulant type and dosage on preventing destabilisation and support the use of optimised coagulation-flocculation as a sustainable pre-treatment strategy for textile effluent management.

Graphical Abstract

This graphical abstract illustrates the optimization of a coagulation-flocculation process for treating industrial textile wastewater. The study transitions from raw wastewater to high-clarity treated water by evaluating three primary coagulants, alum, PAC, and FeCl3 within a pH range of 6 – 8. The mechanism highlights how charge neutralization and interparticle bridging (aided by PAM) drive the formation of settleable flocs. The results demonstrate that a combination of 250 mg/L alum and 3 mg/L PAM at pH 7 achieves a superior 100% turbidity removal and > 94% TSS reduction, offering a sustainable pathway for industrial water reuse.