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<p>Water pollution from dyes and pathogens requires advanced solutions. This study valorized mango seed starch (NMS) to produce carboxymethyl starch (CMS), which served as a biotemplate for the in situ synthesis of CdO/Cd(OH)<sub>2</sub>-incorporated composite (CMS-CdO/OH). Subsequent phosphate crosslinking with POCl<sub>3</sub> produced a stable Cd-containing oxide/hydroxide nanocomposite (CCMS-CdO/OH). FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM, TGA, BET/BJH, and pHpzc analyses confirmed successful synthesis. The nanocomposite contained well-dispersed CdO/Cd(OH)<sub>2</sub> with an average particle size of 22.1&#xa0;nm, within a porous matrix with a surface area of 248.8 m<sup>2</sup>/g, average pore size of 2.13&#xa0;nm, improved thermal stability (319&#xa0;°C), and a pHpzc of 7.78. Under optimum conditions (pH 11, 120&#xa0;min, 30 ± 1&#xa0;°C), it achieved approximately 100% methylene blue removal with an experimental adsorption capacity (q<sub>e</sub>) of 179.38&#xa0;mg/g. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was best described by Sips isotherm model. The nanocomposite retained 88% removal efficiency after five reuse cycles without detectable Cd<sup>2+</sup> leaching and exhibited antibacterial activity (17–21&#xa0;mm inhibition zones) against four bacterial strains. These findings demonstrate that CCMS-CdO/OH is a promising starch-based multifunctional material for dye removal and antibacterial applications in aqueous systems.</p>

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Carboxymethylated and Phosphate-Crosslinked Starch Bio-templated CdO/Cd(OH)2 Nanocomposites for Methylene Blue Adsorption and Antibacterial Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Ayodele Akinterinwa,
  • Suleiman Alhaji Saidu,
  • Elizabeth Tomilayo Akinterinwa,
  • Amer Alhaj Zen,
  • Daniel Chinwendu Ogbonna,
  • Hassan A. Albarqi,
  • Abdulrahman A. Almehizia

摘要

Water pollution from dyes and pathogens requires advanced solutions. This study valorized mango seed starch (NMS) to produce carboxymethyl starch (CMS), which served as a biotemplate for the in situ synthesis of CdO/Cd(OH)2-incorporated composite (CMS-CdO/OH). Subsequent phosphate crosslinking with POCl3 produced a stable Cd-containing oxide/hydroxide nanocomposite (CCMS-CdO/OH). FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM, TGA, BET/BJH, and pHpzc analyses confirmed successful synthesis. The nanocomposite contained well-dispersed CdO/Cd(OH)2 with an average particle size of 22.1 nm, within a porous matrix with a surface area of 248.8 m2/g, average pore size of 2.13 nm, improved thermal stability (319 °C), and a pHpzc of 7.78. Under optimum conditions (pH 11, 120 min, 30 ± 1 °C), it achieved approximately 100% methylene blue removal with an experimental adsorption capacity (qe) of 179.38 mg/g. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was best described by Sips isotherm model. The nanocomposite retained 88% removal efficiency after five reuse cycles without detectable Cd2+ leaching and exhibited antibacterial activity (17–21 mm inhibition zones) against four bacterial strains. These findings demonstrate that CCMS-CdO/OH is a promising starch-based multifunctional material for dye removal and antibacterial applications in aqueous systems.