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<p>Herein, sulfonated pulasan peel hydrochar (SPPH) was upgraded into a phosphate-functionalized mesoporous activated carbon (P-SPPH) via microwave-assisted H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> activation. The chemical and physical characteristics of P-SPPH were investigated by using various analytical methods including BET, XRD, FTIR, pH<sub>pzc</sub> and SEM–EDX. The surface property of P-SPPH indicates a mesoporous structure with pore diameter of 5.49 nm and surface functionality of P-SPPH indicates the presence of acidic functional groups such as S = O = S, P = O, and OH on its surface. The adsorptive performance of P-SPPH was evaluated for crystal violet (CV) dye removal, and operating adsorption variables (contact time: 20–200&#xa0;min, pH: 4–10; and P-SPPH dose: 0.02–0.1&#xa0;g/0.1 L) were optimized by response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The BBD results indicate the best CV removal (92.6%) was achieved at the following adsorption conditions: P-SPPH dose of 0.1&#xa0;g/0.1 g/L, solution pH 10, and contact time of 110&#xa0;min. The pseudo-second order (PSO) model shows the best fitting for CV uptake by P-SPPH. Moreover, the isotherm data were well described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms suggesting concurrent monolayer and multilayer adsorption process of CV onto P-SPPH suarfce. The maximum adsorption capacity of P-SPPH for CV dye was found to be 120&#xa0;mg/g. Thermodynamic functions analysis indicates the adsorption of CV dye onto P-SPPH surface was a spontaneous and an exothermic in nature. Overall, P-SPPH introduces itself as renewable, cost-effective, and functionalized adsorbent which facilitates various possible electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, pore-filling and π–π interactions toward cationic dyes.</p>

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Thermal Transformation of Sulfonated Pulasan Peel Hydrochar into Functionalized Mesoporous Activated Carbon for Statistically Optimized Crystal Violet Dye Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Raja Razuan Raja Deris,
  • Ainaa Istiqamah Mohd Rosdi,
  • Surajudeen Sikiru,
  • Chong Liu,
  • Sumiyyah Sabar,
  • Hussein A. Kazem,
  • Zeid A. ALOthman,
  • Ali H. Jawad

摘要

Herein, sulfonated pulasan peel hydrochar (SPPH) was upgraded into a phosphate-functionalized mesoporous activated carbon (P-SPPH) via microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation. The chemical and physical characteristics of P-SPPH were investigated by using various analytical methods including BET, XRD, FTIR, pHpzc and SEM–EDX. The surface property of P-SPPH indicates a mesoporous structure with pore diameter of 5.49 nm and surface functionality of P-SPPH indicates the presence of acidic functional groups such as S = O = S, P = O, and OH on its surface. The adsorptive performance of P-SPPH was evaluated for crystal violet (CV) dye removal, and operating adsorption variables (contact time: 20–200 min, pH: 4–10; and P-SPPH dose: 0.02–0.1 g/0.1 L) were optimized by response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The BBD results indicate the best CV removal (92.6%) was achieved at the following adsorption conditions: P-SPPH dose of 0.1 g/0.1 g/L, solution pH 10, and contact time of 110 min. The pseudo-second order (PSO) model shows the best fitting for CV uptake by P-SPPH. Moreover, the isotherm data were well described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms suggesting concurrent monolayer and multilayer adsorption process of CV onto P-SPPH suarfce. The maximum adsorption capacity of P-SPPH for CV dye was found to be 120 mg/g. Thermodynamic functions analysis indicates the adsorption of CV dye onto P-SPPH surface was a spontaneous and an exothermic in nature. Overall, P-SPPH introduces itself as renewable, cost-effective, and functionalized adsorbent which facilitates various possible electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, pore-filling and π–π interactions toward cationic dyes.