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<p>This paper describes the removal process via adsorption of paracetamol on novel activated carbons derived from aleppo pine cone. Three activated carbons, designated PCZ1, PCZ2, and PCZ3, were prepared by chemical activation using ZnCl<sub>2</sub> at impregnation weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. The carbonization was conducted at 600 °C for 1h without an inert atmosphere. The adsorbents were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption isotherms, SEM–EDX, XPS and pH<sub>pzc</sub> analysis. The optimal adsorbent PCZ2 exhibits a high BET surface area of 1962 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> and a total pore volume of 1.148 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>. Equilibrium studies revealed a maximum adsorption capacity of 151.52 mg g<sup>−1</sup> for PAR. The adsorption process was best described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption mechanism was primarily governed by non-electrostatic interactions, including hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions and pore diffusion, as supported by pH-dependent behavior and physicochemical properties of PCZ2. Regeneration studies revealed that PCZ2 retained 78% of its adsorption capacity after six cycles. N<sub>2</sub> isotherm analysis of the regenerated adsorbent revealed minimal structural degradation and a well-maintained microporous framework, confirming high regeneration efficiency and structural stability. Under optimized batch conditions, PCZ2 achieved a PAR removal efficiency of 83% from a simulated effluent.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Highly Porous Activated Carbon Derived from Aleppo Pine Cones via ZnCl2 Activation for Efficient Adsorption of Paracetamol

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Hanane Sedrati,
  • Badreddine Belhamdi,
  • Zoulikha Merzougui,
  • Hamza Laksaci,
  • Amine Elmouatezz Bellah Kermia,
  • Amar Manseri,
  • Mahmut Özacar,
  • Mohamed Trari

摘要

This paper describes the removal process via adsorption of paracetamol on novel activated carbons derived from aleppo pine cone. Three activated carbons, designated PCZ1, PCZ2, and PCZ3, were prepared by chemical activation using ZnCl2 at impregnation weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. The carbonization was conducted at 600 °C for 1h without an inert atmosphere. The adsorbents were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, SEM–EDX, XPS and pHpzc analysis. The optimal adsorbent PCZ2 exhibits a high BET surface area of 1962 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of 1.148 cm3 g−1. Equilibrium studies revealed a maximum adsorption capacity of 151.52 mg g−1 for PAR. The adsorption process was best described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption mechanism was primarily governed by non-electrostatic interactions, including hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions and pore diffusion, as supported by pH-dependent behavior and physicochemical properties of PCZ2. Regeneration studies revealed that PCZ2 retained 78% of its adsorption capacity after six cycles. N2 isotherm analysis of the regenerated adsorbent revealed minimal structural degradation and a well-maintained microporous framework, confirming high regeneration efficiency and structural stability. Under optimized batch conditions, PCZ2 achieved a PAR removal efficiency of 83% from a simulated effluent.

Graphical Abstract