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<p>The escalating release of pharmaceutical residues and synthetic dyes into aquatic environments poses significant risks to human health and ecosystem sustainability, necessitating the development of efficient and environmentally benign remediation technologies. Herein, a green-engineered SnO<sub>2</sub>@DC-Biochar heterojunction nanocomposite, comprising SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles immobilized on biochar derived from <i>Dryopteris cristata</i> post-extracted biomass (DC), was synthesized through a phyto-reduction strategy. Intrinsic phytochemicals acted as sustainable reducing and capping agents, enabling controlled nucleation and homogeneous distribution of SnO<sub>2</sub> on the conductive biochar framework. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, SAED, XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, PL, TRPL, TGA, XPS, and proximate analyses confirmed successful heterojunction formation, while transient photocurrent, EIS, and Mott-Schottky measurements revealed enhanced charge separation and interfacial charge-transfer properties. The nanocomposite exhibited a narrowed bandgap of 1.71&#xa0;eV and outstanding visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Under optimized conditions (catalyst loading: 0.20&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> for crystal violet (CV) and 0.15&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> for malachite green (MG); 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dosage: 0.3&#xa0;mL; initial dye concentration: 20&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> CV and 15&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> MG; pH 7; visible-light irradiation), rapid degradation efficiencies of 95.16 ± 1.53% for CV and 96.22 ± 1.27% for MG were achieved within 40&#xa0;min. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics via a Schottky junction-assisted photo-Fenton-like mechanism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven pathways and less-toxic transformation products were confirmed by scavenging experiments, LC–MS, and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses. Excellent structural stability and reusability over five cycles with minimal Sn leaching (∼ &lt; 0.5&#xa0;mol%), and energy/cost analyses confirmed operational feasibility, and underscore its potential as a sustainable photocatalyst for advanced water treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p><b>Synopsis:</b> The conversion of biomass waste into technologically improved nanomaterials, with minimum energy and cost, that could photo-catalytically degrade dyes have significant implications in sustainable catalysis, resource management, and mitigation of water pollution.</p> <p></p>

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Green Valorization of Biomass into SnO2@DC-Biochar Nanoarchitecture for Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Visible-Light Photodegradation of Selective Triarylmethane Dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Biswajyoti Hazarika,
  • Biplop Jyoti Hazarika,
  • Md. Juned K. Ahmed

摘要

The escalating release of pharmaceutical residues and synthetic dyes into aquatic environments poses significant risks to human health and ecosystem sustainability, necessitating the development of efficient and environmentally benign remediation technologies. Herein, a green-engineered SnO2@DC-Biochar heterojunction nanocomposite, comprising SnO2 nanoparticles immobilized on biochar derived from Dryopteris cristata post-extracted biomass (DC), was synthesized through a phyto-reduction strategy. Intrinsic phytochemicals acted as sustainable reducing and capping agents, enabling controlled nucleation and homogeneous distribution of SnO2 on the conductive biochar framework. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, SAED, XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, PL, TRPL, TGA, XPS, and proximate analyses confirmed successful heterojunction formation, while transient photocurrent, EIS, and Mott-Schottky measurements revealed enhanced charge separation and interfacial charge-transfer properties. The nanocomposite exhibited a narrowed bandgap of 1.71 eV and outstanding visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Under optimized conditions (catalyst loading: 0.20 g L−1 for crystal violet (CV) and 0.15 g L−1 for malachite green (MG); 30% H2O2 dosage: 0.3 mL; initial dye concentration: 20 mg L−1 CV and 15 mg L−1 MG; pH 7; visible-light irradiation), rapid degradation efficiencies of 95.16 ± 1.53% for CV and 96.22 ± 1.27% for MG were achieved within 40 min. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics via a Schottky junction-assisted photo-Fenton-like mechanism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven pathways and less-toxic transformation products were confirmed by scavenging experiments, LC–MS, and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses. Excellent structural stability and reusability over five cycles with minimal Sn leaching (∼ < 0.5 mol%), and energy/cost analyses confirmed operational feasibility, and underscore its potential as a sustainable photocatalyst for advanced water treatment.

Graphical Abstract

Synopsis: The conversion of biomass waste into technologically improved nanomaterials, with minimum energy and cost, that could photo-catalytically degrade dyes have significant implications in sustainable catalysis, resource management, and mitigation of water pollution.