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<p>Land use changes significantly affect the water quality. Urbanisation and agricultural growth serve as primary drivers of land use changes that can have a major impact on river ecosystems by changing runoff patterns, increasing pollution loads, and affecting water quality. The research explores the relationship between Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and river water quality in the Nenggiri River Basin, Kelantan. Both primary data (statistical and spatial analysis) and secondary LULC data were utilised. The changes in LULC for 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2024 were evaluated using ArcGIS with MODIS MCD12Q1 data from USGS and NASA Earth data. Results showed an expansion of agricultural land from 1.81% to 16.02% with a significant decrease in forest cover from 94.35% to 59.43% between 2005 and 2024. The kappa statistics (K<sub>stat</sub>) values range from 0.78 in 2010 and 2020 to 0.83 in 2005, 0.82 in 2015, and 0.89 in 2024. Regression analysis strongly indicates a correlation of forested areas contributing 74.5% of variations with the Water Quality Index (WQI). Similarly, regression analysis showed agricultural activities and open area were correlated for 78.7% and 70% of the WQI, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH₃) as the main causes of river pollution. The spatial distribution of WQI shows that the majority of rivers are classified as Class III (slightly polluted), and several are Class IV (polluted). The findings highlight the critical link between changes in land use and water quality, underscoring the importance of sustainable land management in preserving river ecosystems for future generations.</p>

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Impact of Land Use Change on Water Quality: Toward Sustainable Ecosystem Management in the Nenggiri River Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Ismafatin Nabilah Ismail,
  • Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin,
  • Mohamad Hafis Amat Simin,
  • Asmawi Ibrahim,
  • Wan Nor Azilawanie Tun Ismail,
  • Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi,
  • Mohd Ekhwan Toriman,
  • Sunardi Sunardi,
  • Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki

摘要

Land use changes significantly affect the water quality. Urbanisation and agricultural growth serve as primary drivers of land use changes that can have a major impact on river ecosystems by changing runoff patterns, increasing pollution loads, and affecting water quality. The research explores the relationship between Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and river water quality in the Nenggiri River Basin, Kelantan. Both primary data (statistical and spatial analysis) and secondary LULC data were utilised. The changes in LULC for 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2024 were evaluated using ArcGIS with MODIS MCD12Q1 data from USGS and NASA Earth data. Results showed an expansion of agricultural land from 1.81% to 16.02% with a significant decrease in forest cover from 94.35% to 59.43% between 2005 and 2024. The kappa statistics (Kstat) values range from 0.78 in 2010 and 2020 to 0.83 in 2005, 0.82 in 2015, and 0.89 in 2024. Regression analysis strongly indicates a correlation of forested areas contributing 74.5% of variations with the Water Quality Index (WQI). Similarly, regression analysis showed agricultural activities and open area were correlated for 78.7% and 70% of the WQI, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH₃) as the main causes of river pollution. The spatial distribution of WQI shows that the majority of rivers are classified as Class III (slightly polluted), and several are Class IV (polluted). The findings highlight the critical link between changes in land use and water quality, underscoring the importance of sustainable land management in preserving river ecosystems for future generations.