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<p>The global contamination of aquatic environments by pharmaceutical residues presents new challenges for water treatment due to their recalcitrant nature. The periodate advanced oxidation process offers a novel research direction for removing such recalcitrant contaminants. This study investigated the treatment of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a typical antibiotic pharmaceutical in water, using ultraviolet (UV)-activated periodate (PI) oxidation. The effects of UV intensity, pH, and PI concentration on SMX degradation were first examined. Subsequently, the reaction mechanism and degradation pathways of SMX were analyzed using a combination of chemical probe techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Additionally, the Fukui function was applied to predict the reactive sites of SMX, and ECOSAR software was used to assess the ecological safety of SMX degradation products. Finally, the degradation efficacy of the UV/PI process on other recalcitrant organic compounds was evaluated. The results showed that under optimal reaction conditions (UV intensity = 9.94 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, pH = 5, PI = 2.5&#xa0;mM, t = 60&#xa0;min), 94.7% of SMX was removed. This was caused by several reactive species, including iodate radicals (IO₃•), superoxide radicals (O₂•⁻), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O₂), among which IO₃• played a major role. According to f⁰ values, C1, N4, C9, O10, C14, N17, S8, and H28 of SMX were identified as major reactive sites. SMX was degraded via four pathways into low-toxicity intermediates. Furthermore, the UV/PI could efficiently remove tetracycline, acetaminophen, oxytetracycline, and norfloxacin within 30&#xa0;min. This study provides valuable references for related research on PI-based advanced oxidation processes.</p>

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Sulfamethoxazole Degradation via UV-activated Periodate: Influencing Factors, Activation Mechanism, and Product Toxicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Qingsong Xie,
  • Qiang Yang,
  • Lingyuan Meng,
  • Jilin Liang,
  • Tiehong Song,
  • Yanjiao Gao

摘要

The global contamination of aquatic environments by pharmaceutical residues presents new challenges for water treatment due to their recalcitrant nature. The periodate advanced oxidation process offers a novel research direction for removing such recalcitrant contaminants. This study investigated the treatment of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a typical antibiotic pharmaceutical in water, using ultraviolet (UV)-activated periodate (PI) oxidation. The effects of UV intensity, pH, and PI concentration on SMX degradation were first examined. Subsequently, the reaction mechanism and degradation pathways of SMX were analyzed using a combination of chemical probe techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Additionally, the Fukui function was applied to predict the reactive sites of SMX, and ECOSAR software was used to assess the ecological safety of SMX degradation products. Finally, the degradation efficacy of the UV/PI process on other recalcitrant organic compounds was evaluated. The results showed that under optimal reaction conditions (UV intensity = 9.94 mW/cm2, pH = 5, PI = 2.5 mM, t = 60 min), 94.7% of SMX was removed. This was caused by several reactive species, including iodate radicals (IO₃•), superoxide radicals (O₂•⁻), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O₂), among which IO₃• played a major role. According to f⁰ values, C1, N4, C9, O10, C14, N17, S8, and H28 of SMX were identified as major reactive sites. SMX was degraded via four pathways into low-toxicity intermediates. Furthermore, the UV/PI could efficiently remove tetracycline, acetaminophen, oxytetracycline, and norfloxacin within 30 min. This study provides valuable references for related research on PI-based advanced oxidation processes.