<p>Chromium (Cr) is one of the most alarming environmental pollutants, largely due to its widespread industrial use. The generated waste, which frequently contains high levels of this toxic element, has resulted in increased environmental contamination, posing serious threats to ecosystems and human health. Chromium is particularly concerning because of its persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate, contaminating soil, water, and air. Human exposure to chromium, especially its hexavalent counterpart (Cr(VI)), has been associated with different adverse effects. The lack of effective Cr removal technologies has further intensified the crisis, highlighting the urgent need for improved strategies to manage this pollutant. Several treatment technologies have been studied to mitigate chromium contamination. Each of them has certain limitations, ranging from high costs and poor effectiveness to secondary pollution issues. This review provides an extensive summary of the sources of chromium, their health impacts, and related environmental safety concerns. It also interprets current studies on different microbial strategies by focusing on their complexities and challenges involved in mitigating chromium pollution. Finally, the paper underscores the necessity of developing innovative, multi-disciplinary approaches to decrease chromium exposure of individuals and protect communities.</p>