Ammonia Recovery from Anaerobic Digestate via Membrane Contactor and Evaporative Crystallization Process
摘要
This study demonstrates an ammonia recovery approach integrating a liquid–liquid membrane contactor (LLMC) process with evaporative crystallization to treat anaerobic digestate. Pretreatment efficiency, ammonia recovery performance, membrane cleaning, and the associated economic feasibility were evaluated. Centrifugation and filtration proved effective among the pretreatment methods tested in this study, as they reduced suspended solids, prevented scum formation, and enabled stable LLMC operation. Increasing feed pH improved the ammonia recovery performance of LLMC. However, the high alkalinity of the anaerobic digestate demanded substantial alkali addition to increase the feed pH. Therefore, the optimal pH needs to be carefully adjusted to balance improved ammonia recovery rate with the alkali reagent demand. In addition, chemical cleaning was essential for stable operation, maintaining overall mass transfer coefficient over 4 days, whereas more than a 50% decline occurred without cleaning. Ammonium sulfate obtained by evaporation of stripping solution exhibited XRD and ATR-FTIR patterns consistent with fertilizer-grade material. An economic analysis at 1 m3/d treatment capacity showed that although operation at pH 9 required 5.58 times more membrane modules than at pH 11 due to the lower ammonia recovery rate, sodium hydroxide consumption was 4.83 times lower. As a result, the total 10-year cost at pH 9 (0.32 million USD) was 11.1% lower than that at pH 11 (0.36 million USD). Overall, these results highlight that optimized prefiltration, pH control, and regular cleaning are essential to ensure the practical feasibility of LLMC-crystallization process for ammonia recovery from anaerobic digestate.