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<p>This review paper comprehensively addresses uranium contamination in drinking water, focusing on India's diverse geographic regions alongside global perspectives. Uranium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, poses significant health risks, including nephrotoxicity and carcinogenic effects, when its concentrations exceed recommended regulatory limits, such as those set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and national agencies. Accurate detection and quantification of uranium in water are vital for practical risk assessment and regulatory compliance. This review synthesizes various analytical techniques employed worldwide—ranging from cost-effective fluorimetric methods (LED and laser-induced fluorimetry) to advanced instrumentation like Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)—highlighting their detection limits, advantages, and limitations in uranium analysis. Drawing upon extensive literature from India and international studies, the paper evaluates spatial distribution patterns, concentration ranges, and sources of uranium contamination. Significant regional disparities are noted within India, reflecting geological variability and anthropogenic influences. The review also identifies research gaps, particularly in under-investigated areas and emerging methodological approaches, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and standardized protocols. By integrating regulatory frameworks, analytical advancements, and regional data, this paper aims to support policymakers, researchers, and public health professionals in developing targeted strategies for uranium mitigation and sustainable water management globally and within India.</p>

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Uranium Assessment in Drinking Water: Techniques, Risks, and the Indian Context in a Global Framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Jaswinder Kaur,
  • Deep Shikha,
  • Jatinder Garg,
  • Thakur Sudesh Kumar Raunija,
  • Vimal Mehta

摘要

This review paper comprehensively addresses uranium contamination in drinking water, focusing on India's diverse geographic regions alongside global perspectives. Uranium, a naturally occurring radioactive element, poses significant health risks, including nephrotoxicity and carcinogenic effects, when its concentrations exceed recommended regulatory limits, such as those set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and national agencies. Accurate detection and quantification of uranium in water are vital for practical risk assessment and regulatory compliance. This review synthesizes various analytical techniques employed worldwide—ranging from cost-effective fluorimetric methods (LED and laser-induced fluorimetry) to advanced instrumentation like Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)—highlighting their detection limits, advantages, and limitations in uranium analysis. Drawing upon extensive literature from India and international studies, the paper evaluates spatial distribution patterns, concentration ranges, and sources of uranium contamination. Significant regional disparities are noted within India, reflecting geological variability and anthropogenic influences. The review also identifies research gaps, particularly in under-investigated areas and emerging methodological approaches, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and standardized protocols. By integrating regulatory frameworks, analytical advancements, and regional data, this paper aims to support policymakers, researchers, and public health professionals in developing targeted strategies for uranium mitigation and sustainable water management globally and within India.