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<p>The transport of water through PVC pipes often leads to scale formation, which can result in blockage rates of up to 60% after prolonged use. Environmentally friendly inhibitors represent an effective and sustainable solution to mitigate scale formation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the aqueous extract of <i>Capparis spinosa</i> L. (CSLE) as a green scale inhibitor. Natural water samples were first characterized physicochemically, and the composition of the extract was analyzed using total polyphenol and flavonoid assays, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). The anti-scaling performance was evaluated using conductivity measurements and the Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering (LCGE) method at 25&#xa0;°C in water with a hardness of 41&#xa0;°f. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaroyl quinic acid. The results showed complete inhibition (100%) of calcium carbonate&#xa0; precipitation at a CSLE concentration of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(110 mg/L\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>110</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. To elucidate the inhibition mechanism, the scale formed, both in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a decrease in the average crystal size from 6–8&#xa0;µm to 1–2&#xa0;µm, accompanied by significant changes in calcium carbonate morphology. These findings suggest that CSLE acts by interacting with calcium ions and modifying crystal growth, highlighting its potential as an effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable scale inhibitor.</p>

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Evaluating Capparis spinosa L. Extract as a Green and Sustainable CaCO3 Scale Inhibitor in Hard Natural Waters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Rachid Lamine,
  • Ilham Karmal,
  • Said Ben-aazza,
  • Mustapha Nassiri,
  • Nidale Kanoufi,
  • Sara Darbal,
  • Mohamed El housse,
  • Ali Driouiche,
  • M’Barek Belattar

摘要

The transport of water through PVC pipes often leads to scale formation, which can result in blockage rates of up to 60% after prolonged use. Environmentally friendly inhibitors represent an effective and sustainable solution to mitigate scale formation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. (CSLE) as a green scale inhibitor. Natural water samples were first characterized physicochemically, and the composition of the extract was analyzed using total polyphenol and flavonoid assays, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). The anti-scaling performance was evaluated using conductivity measurements and the Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering (LCGE) method at 25 °C in water with a hardness of 41 °f. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaroyl quinic acid. The results showed complete inhibition (100%) of calcium carbonate  precipitation at a CSLE concentration of \(110 mg/L\) 110 m g / L . To elucidate the inhibition mechanism, the scale formed, both in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a decrease in the average crystal size from 6–8 µm to 1–2 µm, accompanied by significant changes in calcium carbonate morphology. These findings suggest that CSLE acts by interacting with calcium ions and modifying crystal growth, highlighting its potential as an effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable scale inhibitor.