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<p>The design of energy-efficient and sustainable photocatalytic systems capable of operating under low-energy irradiation with minimal catalyst loading remains a critical challenge in environmental catalysis. In this work, a series of heterogeneous cobalt(II) mixed-ligand complexes derived from a Schiff base (HL1) and para-phenylphenol ligands (designated as complexes 1–3) were evaluated as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants i.e. cationic dyes: methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG), under low-intensity ultraviolet irradiation from a 9 W mercury lamp. Among the synthesized complexes, <b>complex 3</b> exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving <b>95.4%</b> degradation of <b>MG</b> and <b>complex 2</b> contains highest activity for <b>MB,</b> achieving <b>94.0%</b> degradation efficiency. The photocatalytic efficiencies were comprehensively assessed using kinetic modeling, quantum yield (QY), figure of merit (FOM), and electrical energy per order (EE/O) parameters, providing insight into their photon utilization and energy performance. Notably, a low EE/O value of <b>52.11 kWh</b> for <b>MB</b> degradation indicates the superior energy efficiency of these systems compared to previously reported photocatalysts operating under comparable or higher light intensities. Mechanistic investigations employing Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic modeling, reactive species trapping experiments, and density functional theory (DFT)-based electronic structure analysis elucidated the electron-transfer processes and radical-mediated degradation pathways. The cobalt(II) complexes demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity, recyclability (up to 4–5 cycles), and stability under mild operational conditions, highlighting their potential as viable and sustainable photocatalysts for wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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From Coordination to Catalysis: Revisiting Schiff Base-Ligated Cobalt(II) Complexes as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Photocatalytic Remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Shalima Kumari,
  • Maridula Thakur,
  • Sachin Kumar

摘要

The design of energy-efficient and sustainable photocatalytic systems capable of operating under low-energy irradiation with minimal catalyst loading remains a critical challenge in environmental catalysis. In this work, a series of heterogeneous cobalt(II) mixed-ligand complexes derived from a Schiff base (HL1) and para-phenylphenol ligands (designated as complexes 1–3) were evaluated as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants i.e. cationic dyes: methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG), under low-intensity ultraviolet irradiation from a 9 W mercury lamp. Among the synthesized complexes, complex 3 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving 95.4% degradation of MG and complex 2 contains highest activity for MB, achieving 94.0% degradation efficiency. The photocatalytic efficiencies were comprehensively assessed using kinetic modeling, quantum yield (QY), figure of merit (FOM), and electrical energy per order (EE/O) parameters, providing insight into their photon utilization and energy performance. Notably, a low EE/O value of 52.11 kWh for MB degradation indicates the superior energy efficiency of these systems compared to previously reported photocatalysts operating under comparable or higher light intensities. Mechanistic investigations employing Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic modeling, reactive species trapping experiments, and density functional theory (DFT)-based electronic structure analysis elucidated the electron-transfer processes and radical-mediated degradation pathways. The cobalt(II) complexes demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity, recyclability (up to 4–5 cycles), and stability under mild operational conditions, highlighting their potential as viable and sustainable photocatalysts for wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical Abstract