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<p>The four mineral-enriched (Ca and P) biochar formulations (MEBCs) prepared from the waste of <i>Saccharum officinarum</i> (BGF), <i>Cymbopogon flexuosus</i> (LGF), <i>Mentha arvensis</i> (MTF), and <i>Oryza sativa</i> (PDF) were sprayed on <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> (Burm. f.) Nees grown in arsenic (As) contaminated soil. Their potential to promote the growth of endophytes in plants and to reduce the As uptake was examined. All MEBCs were more porous than pristine biochar and showed variation in nutrient content, particle size distribution The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed the presence of calcite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), calcium pyrophosphate (γ-Ca<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), calcium phosphates (Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO₄)<sub>2</sub> / CaHPO<sub>4</sub>, whitlockite (Ca,Mg)<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and struvite-K (MgKPO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O). The mineral phases of Ca and P were varied in different formulations. The MEBCs spray decreases in As concentrations from 12—75% in plant tissues and reduced its subcellular distribution in organelle portion. The spray of BGF was more effective for reduction in As accumulation and improvement in plant growth. The presence of two endophytes <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> and <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> strain C40 ITI was observed in the leaves and root of <i>A. paniculata</i> BGF and PDF treatments in As contaminated soil. The viability of these isolates was associated with the mineral content of biochars and mineral phases. The both strains have potential to volatilize As. Only <i>P. stutzeri</i> has potential to oxidize AsIII to AsV. <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> formed biofilm in presence of As. The SEM–EDX, FTIR, and XPS analysis of biofilm formed by <i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> suggested oxidation and binding of As with the surface functional group of biofilm. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the biofilm formed by <i>P. stutzeri</i> indicated the oxidation of As and its binding to the surface functional groups of the biofilm. Results showed that bioavailability of mineral phases of Ca and P on MEBCs surface play important role in As immobilization and endophyte growth. The combine effect of MEBCs and endophyte growth in plant could be the reason for lower accumulation of As and growth in plant.</p>

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Selectivity of Mineral-enriched Biochars in Growth Promotion of Endophyte in Leaves under as Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Versha Pandey,
  • Ranu Yadav,
  • Sweta Yadav,
  • Anupama Singh,
  • Disha Mishra,
  • Pooja Singh,
  • Binoy K. Saikia,
  • Puja Khare

摘要

The four mineral-enriched (Ca and P) biochar formulations (MEBCs) prepared from the waste of Saccharum officinarum (BGF), Cymbopogon flexuosus (LGF), Mentha arvensis (MTF), and Oryza sativa (PDF) were sprayed on Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees grown in arsenic (As) contaminated soil. Their potential to promote the growth of endophytes in plants and to reduce the As uptake was examined. All MEBCs were more porous than pristine biochar and showed variation in nutrient content, particle size distribution The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed the presence of calcite (CaCO3), calcium pyrophosphate (γ-Ca2P2O7), calcium phosphates (Ca3(PO₄)2 / CaHPO4, whitlockite (Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2 and struvite-K (MgKPO4·6H2O). The mineral phases of Ca and P were varied in different formulations. The MEBCs spray decreases in As concentrations from 12—75% in plant tissues and reduced its subcellular distribution in organelle portion. The spray of BGF was more effective for reduction in As accumulation and improvement in plant growth. The presence of two endophytes Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas stutzeri strain C40 ITI was observed in the leaves and root of A. paniculata BGF and PDF treatments in As contaminated soil. The viability of these isolates was associated with the mineral content of biochars and mineral phases. The both strains have potential to volatilize As. Only P. stutzeri has potential to oxidize AsIII to AsV. Pseudomonas stutzeri formed biofilm in presence of As. The SEM–EDX, FTIR, and XPS analysis of biofilm formed by Pseudomonas stutzeri suggested oxidation and binding of As with the surface functional group of biofilm. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the biofilm formed by P. stutzeri indicated the oxidation of As and its binding to the surface functional groups of the biofilm. Results showed that bioavailability of mineral phases of Ca and P on MEBCs surface play important role in As immobilization and endophyte growth. The combine effect of MEBCs and endophyte growth in plant could be the reason for lower accumulation of As and growth in plant.